Appendix R2
R2. Disagreements log
All 352 cases where sources disagree, with both claims and the position this report takes. We never average disagreeing numbers.
On this page
- Protein economy and feed (14)
- Feed market (7)
- Feedstocks (13)
- Industrial capacity (9)
- Companies and ecosystem (9)
- Company verification (6)
- Retail audit and formulation (14)
- Regulation (14)
- Research and talent (11)
- Infrastructure and talent (4)
- Science (7)
- Capital (9)
- Regional position (12)
- Costs (7)
- Geography, institutions and outlook (6)
- Futures 2030 to 2050 (28)
- Demand side, v0.3 (89)
- Actor check and expansion waves, v0.4 (93)
When two credible sources give different values or facts, we record both and state the position we take, with reasons. We do not average them. This page is generated from disagreements.csv, grouped by the research stream that found each disagreement. Where an earlier draft of this project was simply wrong, the correction is listed in M5. Changelog instead. The disagreements that most affect the conclusions are summarised in Unknowns. Version 0.2 adds the disagreements found in the futures round (DG-143 onwards), grouped under "Futures 2030 to 2050"; the model-related ones are discussed in F4. Balance model. Version 0.4 adds the disagreements found by the actor check and expansion waves 7 to 9 (DG-260 to DG-352; see M4. Actor check and waves). Version 0.3 adds the disagreements found in the demand round (DG-171 onwards), grouped by research stream under "Demand side".
Protein economy and feed (14)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-001 | Aquafeed volume 2025 | 6.5 Mt (USDA Post, 1) | 3.9 to 4.8 Mt (industry via ACAP, 2); 3.3 to 3.85 Mt (capacity x utilisation, same article) | Report both. The ACAP species split is more transparent. Neither closes with NSO output at plausible FCRs. Do not use a single number. Same or related disagreement: DG-120. |
| DG-002 | Shrimp output 2025 | 1,291 kt whiteleg plus black tiger (NSO, 3) | "Nearly 800,000 tonnes" supported by 920 kt of feed (industry, 2) | Use NSO for output. Flag that feed-based and statistical estimates diverge by about 40%. |
| DG-003 | Whiteleg shrimp 2025 | 994.4 kt (NSO fisheries release) | 944.4 kt (NSO highlights page) | 994.4 kt: 9-month 719.7 + Q4 274.7 = 994.4. |
| DG-004 | Pig herd trend 2025 | +0.6% to 31.4 M (Livestock Department, 4) | Herd "fell sharply" from Q3 2025 (NSO, 5) | Unresolved. Possibly different reference dates. Cite both. |
| DG-005 | Pigs culled for ASF 2025 | 1.2 M (USDA) | 1.3 M (Livestock Department) | Report 1.2 to 1.3 M. |
| DG-006 | Share of feed raw materials imported | More than 65% (Vietnam Report 2025; VietDVM) | 85%, about 17 Mt/yr (Livestock Department 2024, via VnEconomy); 70% to 80% (review 2024) | Definitions differ (volume vs value; with or without domestic rice bran and cassava). Prefer ingredient-specific figures: corn 74%, soy protein about 99%, wheat and DDGS 100%. |
| DG-007 | Corn imports 2024 | 12.52 Mt (customs, USDA) | 10 Mt (Livestock Department feed-ingredient figure, 6) | 12.52 Mt is total imports. The lower figure is probably feed-industry-only imports. |
| DG-008 | Wheat imports 2024 | 5.5 Mt (USDA) | about 5.74 Mt (derived from customs growth rates) | Minor. Use 5.5 to 5.7 Mt. |
| DG-009 | Corn feed use | 14.4 Mt feed and residual (USDA PSD MY2024/25) | 9.2 Mt corn in industrial feed (USDA Table 2, CY2025) | Different scope (PSD includes on-farm feed and residual). Use 9.2 Mt for compound feed and 14.4 Mt for total feed use. |
| DG-010 | Soybean meal origins 2025 | Argentina 69% (our reading of the table) | Brazil 69% (first automated summary) | Argentina, pending a direct PDF check. |
| DG-011 | Population 2025 | 102.3 M (NSO) | 101.9 M (USDA) | Use NSO. Same or related disagreement: DG-125. |
| DG-012 | GDP per person 2025 | USD 5,026 (NSO) | USD 5,048 (USDA) | Use NSO. |
| DG-013 | Fisheries 2024 | 9,547 kt preliminary (NSO Feb 2025) | about 9,658 kt implied by 2025 growth rate | NSO revised 2024 upward. Use the revised figure for growth calculations. |
| DG-014 | Fishmeal pool | 350 to 450 kt (prior draft) | about 80 to 270 kt (this note) | Prior figure not supported by sourced inputs. Same or related disagreement: DG-117. |
Feed market (7)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-115 | Fishmeal price, Nov 2025 | UPV executive: USD 1,600/t (7) | World Bank Peru 65% CIF: USD 1,794/t (8) | Both can be right. The UPV figure is probably a lower grade or Indian origin (India supplied 49% of Vietnam's import value in 2023). Use the World Bank series as the benchmark; say which grade when quoting. Same or related disagreement: DG-084, DG-116, DG-126, DG-127. |
| DG-116 | Latest fishmeal price | Wave 1: USD 1,837/t (Mar 2026) (9) | Pink Sheet: USD 2,500/t (Aug 2026) (10) | Not a conflict; wave 1 is superseded. Use August 2026 as latest and the 2025 average as the base case. Same or related disagreement: DG-084, DG-115, DG-126, DG-127. |
| DG-117 | Displaceable pool | Prior drafts: 350 to 450 kt | Macro: 80 to 270 kt; this note: 79 to 290 kt sourced, 116 to 244 kt central | Use 120 to 245 kt as central. 350 to 450 kt requires unsourced snakehead and marine rates. Same or related disagreement: DG-014. |
| DG-118 | Shrimp fishmeal inclusion | 6% projected for 2025 (Salin et al. via 11) | 20% to 25% in recent Chinese trial control diets (12, 13) | Both are indirect. Projection is not measurement; trial controls are not market surveys. Central 10% to 20%. One call to a Vietnamese shrimp feed mill would settle it. |
| DG-119 | Vietnam fishmeal tonnage | WITS: 139 kt imported, 227 kt exported (2023) | Uniform unit values imply imputation | Quote values, not tonnes. Same or related disagreement: DG-089. |
| DG-120 | Aquafeed volume | USDA 6.5 Mt (2025) | Industry 3.9 to 4.8 Mt (2) | Unresolved (macro agent's position stands). The pool uses industry species volumes. Same or related disagreement: DG-001. |
| DG-121 | Feed share of cost | Shrimp: 50% to 60% (14, 2026) | Pangasius: 70% to 90% (15, 2007 to 2011 studies) | Different species and years; not a conflict. Pangasius figure is dated. |
Feedstocks (13)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-015 | Starch factory count | ~100 industrial (MOIT, 2021; 16) | ~120 in 27 provinces (ACC, 2023; 17); 150+ (VCA, Oct 2025; 18) | Unresolved. Likely different size thresholds and new builds. Use "120 to 150" and cite both. |
| DG-016 | Cassava pulp volume | ~4 Mt/yr; 10 to 15% of roots "= 3.8 to 5.4 Mt" (19). That arithmetic implies 38 to 54 Mt roots, so it is internally wrong | 1.7 to 2.1 Mt wet (prior draft, uncited) | Ours: ~6.2 Mt wet (range 4 to 8), about 1.3 Mt DM, 2025, from the Thai material balance. The 1.7 to 2.1 Mt figure is rejected as too low for wet pulp. |
| DG-017 | Pulp ratio per t roots | 10 to 15% (20); 20 to 30% (21) | 40 to 60% wet (16, 22); 57% wet (23/06) | Different moisture bases. Adopt 0.57 t wet (80% moisture) or 0.12 t DM per t roots. |
| DG-018 | Pulp protein | 0.2% (22, wet basis) | 1.5 to 2.6% DM (20, 24, 21) | Consistent once moisture is accounted for. Use DM figures. |
| DG-019 | Cassava chip exports 2025 | 967,460 t in 10 months (25) | 955,670 t in 11 months (26) | Cannot both be chips-only. Probably different product definitions (all raw cassava vs dried chips). Not averaged. Use 26 for chips, flag. |
| DG-020 | Cassava area/output | 499,100 ha, 10.24 Mt (2025; 26) | ~517,000 ha, ~10.5 Mt (27, published Aug 2026) | 27 repeats 2024 figures. Use 26 for 2025. |
| DG-021 | Ethanol plants | "6 ethanol plants" (27) | 3 operating, 830 m3/day (28) | Both true: 6 built, 3 operating in mid-2026. |
| DG-022 | Paddy | 43.5 Mt (NSO, CY2025) | 42.96 Mt (USDA MY2024/25); prior draft 43.12 Mt | Different periods. Use NSO for calendar 2025. |
| DG-023 | Maize | 4.4 Mt (NSO, 2025) | 4.1 Mt (USDA, MY2025/26) | Different periods and methods. Show both. |
| DG-024 | Rice bran volume | ~4.35 Mt (derived, 10%) | ~5 Mt (29, claim) | Use derived 4.35 Mt. It is consistent with USDA use plus exports of about 4 Mt. |
| DG-025 | Bran + broken in feed | 730 kt (prior draft, citing an earlier USDA report) | 2.8 Mt local supply CY2025 (USDA VM2026-0012) | Use the current USDA table. The 730 kt figure is probably a different table (imports) or outdated. |
| DG-026 | BSG price | 6,000 to 6,500 VND/kg fresh (30) | Dry rice bran 7,300 to 7,650 VND/kg (31) | The BSG quote is implausibly high per kg of DM. Treat as retail and Low. |
| DG-027 | Molasses ethanol at QNS | 60 M L/yr, target 2026 (32, 2024) | An Khe ethanol plant 200 m3/day, Q1 2028 (28, 2026) | Probably the same project, delayed. Use the 2026 government source. |
Industrial capacity (9)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-028 | Fuel ethanol total capacity | About 600,000 m3/yr, 6 plants (prior lead) | 450,000 m3/yr (33, September 2025); 41,000 m3/month, about 492,000/yr (34, March 2026); 480,000 m3/yr with 7 plants (35, July 2026) | Use 450,000 to 490,000 m3/yr. The 600,000 figure probably assumed 6 plants of 100 million L each, but actual nameplates range from 72 to 125 million L and some are much smaller. |
| DG-029 | E10 start date | Nationwide from 1 January 2026 (33) | From 1 June 2026 under Circular 50/2025/TT-BCT (36) | Not in this agent's scope. Passed to the regulation agent. The later source cites a specific circular, so it is more likely right. Same or related disagreement: DG-122. |
| DG-030 | C.P. Vietnam plant count | 9 plants (37, 2023) | 21 plants (38, 2026) | Both may be right on different bases (feed mills only vs all facilities). Record both. Verify with C.P. |
| DG-031 | Vinasoy market share | About 80% of soy milk (company, 2025, 39) | 84.2% (2017, 40); over 90% of boxed soy milk (2022, 41) | Segment definitions differ. Use "about 80% of soy milk" as the conservative figure. Same or related disagreement: DG-041. |
| DG-032 | VNVC plant investment | VND 2,000 bn (42, May 2025) | VND 2,500 bn (43, July 2026) | Probably a revised budget. Use the later figure with its date. |
| DG-033 | Daesang plant locations | Bac Giang MSG plant, Thai Nguyen starch (44, Korean press) | Viet Tri (Phu Tho) MSG plant, Tay Ninh starch (45, Daesang Vietnam) | Trust the company page. The Korean press translation is garbled, so its 35,000 t/yr figure is also Low confidence. |
| DG-034 | Dong Nai status | Vedan website gives addresses as "Dong Nai City" (46) | Wikipedia snapshot: Dong Nai remains a province after merging with Binh Phuoc (47) | We use "Dong Nai". The status should be checked by the regulation or ecosystem agent. |
| DG-035 | Carlsberg Phu Bai investment | VND 3,406 bn, about USD 169 million (48) | About USD 90 million (49) | Different scopes or phases. Capacity (600 million L/yr) agrees across both. |
| DG-036 | De Heus and CJ feed | De Heus has 17 plants from buying CJ Feed & Care in early 2026 (38) | No second source | Unverified. Low confidence. Ask De Heus or CJ. Same or related disagreement: DG-129. |
Companies and ecosystem (9)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-037 | Entobel funding | USD 33 m Series B (company PR, 2023; 50, 51) | Series B USD 30 m (Mekong USD 25 m + Dragon USD 5 m) plus IFC USD 2.5 m = USD 32.5 m project cost (IFC disclosure; 52) | Use IFC's breakdown (primary DFI document). "USD 33 m" is rounded and includes IFC. Prior lead "about USD 36 m" not supported. One trade article's "about USD 10 m from IFC" is wrong (53 paraphrase). Same or related disagreement: DG-062, DG-063. |
| DG-038 | Entobel capacity | "12x since 2022" (54) | 1,000 + 10,000 = 11,000 t/yr design (52) | Consistent within rounding. All are design capacity, not output. |
| DG-039 | Cricket One volume | More than 100 million crickets/month (2020) | About 100 t fresh/month at full capacity (Feb 2023); about 150 t live/month (Oct 2024); 1,000 t/yr processing (Oct 2023) | Units differ and all are company claims. Use "1,000 t/yr processing capacity (2023, claimed)" as the scale anchor. |
| DG-040 | Vinh Hao spirulina area | 5,000 m2 (prior lead) | More than 12,000 m2 (company page, undated) | Prefer the company figure as more recent, but it is unaudited. Output figure (17 t/yr) is from 2013. |
| DG-041 | Vinasoy share | 82.7% (Dec 2014, 55) | About 80% (2024, 56) | Not a conflict: stable share over time. Both company-sourced. Same or related disagreement: DG-031. |
| DG-042 | Bewina | Imports Taiwan and US brands, founder Ho Thanh Nhien (57) | Sells "Romania" products (58) | Possibly both (the Romanian brand Verdino plus others). Low confidence. |
| DG-043 | Market size | About VND 1,000 bn (2022, 57, 58) | USD 500 m "within several years" (59); USD 500 m by 2025 (60) | Reject both for decisions: no traceable method. |
| DG-044 | "Xuan Hong" | Industrial do chay maker (prior lead) | Cassava starch processor, Tay Ninh (61) | The lead is probably wrong; another Xuan Hong may exist but was not found. |
| DG-045 | TH true NUT as plant-based | Sold in the plant-milk aisle | Contains fresh cow's milk (62, 63) | Classify as hybrid. |
Company verification (6)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-128 | De Heus Vinh Long marine mill capacity | 84,000 t/yr (wave-1 trade press) | 168,000 t/yr (De Heus global release, 22 Jul 2026; 64) | Use 168,000 t/yr as the company-stated design capacity. 84,000 may be phase 1. Unresolved. |
| DG-129 | CJ deal scope | "De Heus has 17 plants from CJ" (wave 1, implied Vietnam) | 17 mills across five countries (65, 66) | Claim B. Vietnam mill count unknown. Same or related disagreement: DG-036. |
| DG-130 | Vedan GA capacity | 36,000 t/yr (1995; used in wave 1) | 180,000 t/yr (2004; 67) | Claim B is the later nameplate. Neither is confirmed current. |
| DG-131 | VISSAN founding year | 1970 (company homepage, 68) | 1974 (Vietstock, 69) | Not material. Keep the company figure. |
| DG-132 | De Heus in Vietnam | "Since 2009" (66) | "18+ years" (70, 2026, i.e. about 2008) | Rounding. Not material. |
| DG-133 | Pham Gia Phat registration | Brand founded late 2014; tax code 0312857463 fits a 2014 HCMC registration | Page states 28 May 2019 | The 2019 date is probably a change of registration. Low. |
Retail audit and formulation (14)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-090 | CJ acquisition of Cầu Tre | Collector notes: CJ bought Cầu Tre in 2006 (71) | Analyst recollection: CJ CheilJedang took a majority stake in 2016 | Unresolved. Lean to 2016 (Low). Not verified this wave; web search budget exhausted. |
| DG-091 | Ông Chà Và / NOSA canned soy meat origin | Nha Trang OSINT: made in China, imported (71) | HCMC log row: Vietnam (local) (71) | Unresolved. Brand owner may be Vietnamese with contract manufacture in China. Check "Xuất xứ" on the can. |
| DG-092 | 137 Degrees origin | Nha Trang rows: Vietnam (local) | HCMC rows: imported; brand site is Simple Foods (believed Thailand) (72) | Imported (Thailand), Medium-Low. |
| DG-093 | Veyo ownership | One log row: Nutifood | QNS site lists VEYO as its nut-milk brand (73) | Vinasoy/QNS, High. |
| DG-094 | An Nhiên dried-slice prices | Field log online reference: VND 49,000/150 g | AEON eShop 23 Sep 2026: VND 60,000 to 65,000/150 g (74) | Both recorded. Calculations use the field value; with AEON prices, price per 100 g protein is 22 to 33% higher (still the cheapest non-tofu protein). |
| DG-095 | An Nhiên gà viên chay recipe | Label: soy protein concentrate, from Serbia (71) | Retailer listing: SPI, corn starch, wheat fiber, soybean oil (75) | Prefer the photographed label; listing may be an older or different recipe. |
| DG-096 | Vissan bò nấu đậu chay | Nha Trang (brand site): vegan beef slices 55%, white beans 17% | HCMC label photo: slices 30%, beans 20% | Prefer the HCMC label (primary, current). Possible reformulation. |
| DG-097 | Cầu Tre chả giò bánh rế chay đặc biệt | Nha Trang listing: contains tàu hũ ky | CJ site 2026: mung bean only, no tofu skin (76) | Prefer CJ site as current; possible reformulation away from soy. |
| DG-098 | HS 2106.10 China to Vietnam, 2023 tonnage | Vietnam-reported 1,551 t (77) | China-reported 7,957 t (78) | China figure. Vietnam-side quantities are imputed (uniform unit value). Values agree more closely (USD 9.1 million vs 12.6 million). Same or related disagreement: DG-075. |
| DG-099 | Wheat gluten imports 2023 | Vietnam-reported 12,337 t total, 7,314 t from China (79) | China-reported 10,338 t to Vietnam (80) | China figure for China tonnage; total imports are probably above 12,000 t. |
| DG-100 | Soybean imports | Prior lead: about 3.2 Mt | USDA GAIN VM2025-0011: 2.5 Mt MY2024/25, 2.8 Mt MY2025/26 (81) | Not averaged. Different marketing years and report editions; GAIN VM2025-0011 used here. Macro agent should reconcile. |
| DG-101 | Thoại An đậu hũ hải sản chay 500 g price | Co.opmart Nha Trang: VND 71,500 | Co.opmart Nguyễn Kiệm: VND 43,700 | One read is probably wrong; the HCMC tag is a clear read. |
| DG-102 | Same-SKU price spread across stores | bibigo Healthy Mandu Chay 300 g: VND 43,000 (promotion) to 56,700; Vissan chả giò chay: VND 44,900 to 60,000 | n/a | Real price variation plus low-confidence reads. Do not use single-store prices as market prices. |
| DG-103 | Chay cheaper than meat | Field notes: 17 to 38% cheaper | This analysis: only the Vissan pair (-38%) is high confidence; others -52% to +19% on low-confidence reads | Directionally supported for spring rolls; not established across categories. |
Regulation (14)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-046 | Status of Decree 15/2018 | thuvienphapluat compendium page lists it as "expired 16/4/2026" (82, via extraction) | Resolution 15/2026/NQ-CP says Decree 15/2018 "continues to have effect" until the new law and decree (83, government press) | Decree 15/2018 applies. Government resolution text beats a database status tag. |
| DG-047 | Status of Resolution 66.13/2026 | thuvienphapluat page extraction: "in effect" until replaced, no later than 28 Feb 2027 (84) | Resolution 15/2026 suspends it with Decree 46/2026 (83; Nhân Dân headline) | Suspended. |
| DG-048 | Decree 46/2026: replace or amend Decree 15/2018 | Several sources say "replaces" (85, 86) | thuvienphapluat title fragment says "sửa đổi" (amends) | Designed as a replacement. Moot while suspended. |
| DG-049 | GMO certificate timelines | USDA: 45 working days (5-country route) and 90 (standard) (87) | thuvienphapluat Q&A: 5 + 17 + 5 = 27 and 5 + 67 + 5 = 77 working days of agency steps (88) | Both may be right: the USDA figure likely includes the 20-day public comment. Use 27/77 for agency steps and about 45/90 end to end. |
| DG-050 | Refined GM products excluded | USDA and ISAAA: explicitly excluded (87, 89) | Decree text extraction: no explicit exclusion visible (90) | Excluded in effect, through the definition (no GM DNA or protein). Precision-fermented proteins are not excluded. |
| DG-051 | Feed trial article and duration | Prior lead: Decree 13/2020 Art 11 requires a trial; 12 to 18 months | Art 11 is factory assessment; trials are Law Art 37 and Circular 94/2025 Ch. III; agency time about 40 working days, trial length case by case | Prior lead wrong on the article. Duration undocumented; our estimate is 6 to 18 months. |
| DG-052 | Feed "5 working days" recognition | Decree 32/2026 extraction mentions 5 working days for recognition under Art 31 (91) | Art 31 of Decree 13/2020 covers livestock waste-treatment products, not feed | The 5-day figure is not a feed figure. Use Circular 94/2025 (15 + 5). |
| DG-053 | Decree 182/2024 thresholds | Prior lead: VND 12,000 bn / 20,000 bn; 3,000 bn R&D | Primary text: same, plus 1,000 bn within 3 years for R&D, and a semiconductor/AI tier | Confirmed. |
| DG-054 | Carbon inventory scope | Decree 119/2025 extraction: agriculture and food processing not in mandatory inventory | Background: inventory facility lists (Decision 13/2024/QĐ-TTg) may include some large facilities across sectors | Unresolved. Pilot quotas are clearly limited to power, steel and cement. |
| DG-055 | ISAAA authority name | ISAAA says MARD handles notifications | MARD no longer exists; MAE since 1 Mar 2025 | MAE. |
| DG-111 | Who issues the closed-production GMO certificate | Decree 43/2026 Art 37a: MAE issues, re-issues, revokes (92) | Decision 375/QĐ-BNNMT extract places the procedure in a provincial-level section (93) | MAE, per the decree. The listing may reflect delegation or an extraction error. Ask MAE |
| DG-112 | Aquafeed trial trigger | Fisheries Law Art 35(1): trial for any raw material not on the list (94) | Appendix II lists no raw materials at all, yet conventional feeds are sold without trials (95) | The law is literally broader than practice. Unresolved; treat as a risk for new ingredients |
| DG-113 | Draft law product declaration | Wave 1: MOH 2025 submission proposed three risk tiers (low, medium, high) (96) | July 2026 press describes two groups: register or declare applied standard, and no declaration (97, 98) | The July 2026 description is later and is used here. The tiers may survive inside the "declare" group |
| DG-114 | Soybean meal MFN before March 2025 | Extract: "1 to 2%" for 2304.00.29 (99) | Wave 1 prior leads did not give a rate | Minor. The 2025 rate of 0% is what matters |
Research and talent (11)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-056 | Vietnamese studies on RNA reduction, mycotoxin testing and amino-acid digestibility | Prior drafts (100): "No Vietnamese study has reported RNA reduction protocols, mycotoxin testing or amino acid digestibility" | HUST 2018 nucleic acid reduction in spent-yeast hydrolysate (101); aflatoxin in 38 tương samples, 2025 (102); in vitro digestibility of rice DDG protein 77.1%, 2025 (103) | Prior claim is too strong. Correct version: such methods exist in Vietnam for yeast, traditional soy and rice DDG, but not for any novel fungal or bacterial biomass, and no DIAAS/PDCAAS study was found |
| DG-057 | Number of Vietnamese fishmeal-replacement papers (Scite affiliation filter vs term search) | Scite affiliation filter: 3 Vietnamese fishmeal-replacement papers | Term search: at least 10 Vietnamese fishmeal/SBM replacement papers | Use the higher, manually screened count, and label all counts as lower bounds. The affiliation metadata is incomplete Same or related disagreement: DG-140. |
| DG-058 | Outcome of the FiBL duckweed project with Binca Seafoods | Prior lead: FiBL duckweed project with Binca Seafoods (2019), "outcome unpublished" | Scite: 9 Stadtlander duckweed records, none from Vietnam (104) | Consistent. The outcome is still unpublished in indexed literature. Ask FiBL directly |
| DG-059 | Southeast Asian grantees on the GFI grants page | GFI grants page shows no Southeast Asian grantee (105) | The page may be paginated or filtered | "No Vietnam grantee found" is held at Medium confidence, not High |
| DG-060 | Effective date of Law 93/2025/QH15 | Law 93/2025/QH15 effective date: not shown on the fetched page (106) | Widely reported as 1 October 2025 (agent knowledge) | Record the issue date (27 June 2025) as verified and the effective date as unverified |
| DG-061 | FIRI Pichia enzyme-expression capability | Prior lead: FIRI does Pichia enzyme expression | FIRI site confirms an Enzyme and Protein Technology department but not Pichia work. Pichia outputs found are from VNU-HCM US and IBT VAST | Treat FIRI Pichia capability as unconfirmed |
| DG-138 | Plant-based meat papers with a VN author | 2 papers (Scite, 107) | 9 raw, about 6 on-topic (OpenAIRE) | Use "about 6 (2015 to 2026), including 2 reviews". Both sources are lower bounds. |
| DG-139 | VN work on extrusion or texturisation | "None" | 1 VN-tagged extrudate texture study, 2025 (10.1093/ijfood/vvae080); VN affiliation not verified | Soften to "at most one study found". Verify the affiliation. |
| DG-140 | VN fishmeal-replacement papers | About 20 by term search (Scite) | 10 (OpenAIRE country tag) | Keep about 20 as the better floor. OpenAIRE's country tagging misses Vietnamese journals and some affiliations. Same or related disagreement: DG-057. |
| DG-141 | Scite versus OpenAIRE for country counts | Scite used in wave 1 | Scite gave Thailand 1 cultivated-meat paper, OpenAIRE gave 49 | Do not use Scite affiliation counts for benchmarking. |
| DG-142 | Most-cited VN plant-based meat paper | Not reported | 10.1007/s00217-021-03810-1 (240 citations) is VN-tagged | Treat it as a probable false positive until the affiliation is checked. |
Infrastructure and talent (4)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-134 | CTU 2026 total quota | 11,850 (CTU official table, 108) | "About 12,000, up about 1,400 on 2025" (tuyensinh247 aggregator, 109) | Use 11,850 from the primary source. The aggregator probably rounded or used a draft plan |
| DG-135 | HCMC Biotechnology Center role | Wave 1: "claimed pilot-scale fermentation and incubation services" (107, Low) | Its own service pages list agri and aqua transfers and lab design only (110) | No published pilot fermentation service. Keep as a lead to verify by phone |
| DG-136 | Hoa Lac managing body and location | Wave 1 and common knowledge: park in Thach That, managed by MOST | Board office in Ha Dong ward under a Hanoi board for hi-tech and industrial parks (111) | The office address is not the park site. Management appears to have moved to Hanoi. Transfer date not verified |
| DG-137 | Hoa Lac area | Common figure about 1,586 ha (agent knowledge) | Listed zones sum to 941.79 ha without the education zone (111) | Report the zone figures. Treat the total as unverified |
Science (7)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-104 | Growth-factor share of media cost | Up to 95% of serum-free medium cost (112, current prices) | USD 3 to 4/kg wet cells at 100 kt/yr (113, scaled prices) | Both valid; report both with their price assumptions. |
| DG-105 | Karimi A. oryzae biomass | 118.5 g DM/L as printed (114) | Mass balance on 21 g/L COD | Treat as per litre of undiluted vinasse (about 5.9 g/L broth). |
| DG-106 | Karimi medium COD | 21 g/L stated for 5% vinasse | 835 g/L x 5% = 42 g/L | Internal inconsistency in the paper; unresolved. |
| DG-107 | Mycoprotein RNA target | "about 2%" of DW (115) | "less than 1% to be considered safe" (116) | Use 115 (primary study text); 116 is a secondary review. |
| DG-108 | Wolffia EU status | Safety not established, 2021 (117) | Authorised by Reg. (EU) 2022/2223 (118, review) | Unresolved; check EUR-Lex / Union list. |
| DG-109 | Duckweed productivity | ~30 t DM/ha/yr average (119) | up to 100 t DM/ha/yr (120) | Use 10 to 30 for planning; 100 is an extrapolated ceiling. |
| DG-110 | Mung bean protein quality | Pig DIAAS 86 (older pattern) (121) | Human ileal digestibility about 20% lower than pigs (122) | Prefer human data for food claims. |
Capital (9)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-062 | Entobel total raised | ~USD 36M (prior lead, no source) | USD 33M Series B (Entobel, 123); USD 32.5M project cost (IFC via EWS, 124); USD 30M (Mekong/The Investor, 125, 126) | USD 32.5M to 33M = USD 30M (Mekong + Dragon) + USD 2.5M (IFC). Earlier rounds undisclosed. Reject USD 36M. Same or related disagreement: DG-037, DG-063. |
| DG-063 | IFC ticket in Entobel | ~USD 10M (Petfood Industry, 127); USD 10M equity proposed (IFC 45769, 128) | USD 2.5M (IFC 46903, 124) | USD 2.5M. The USD 10M proposal (January 2022) predates the final round, and the company's USD 33M total leaves room for only about USD 3M from IFC. Same or related disagreement: DG-062, DG-037. |
| DG-064 | Vietnam VC deal count 2024 | 118 (2025 report, 129) | 122 (2026 report, per TNGlobal, 130) | Use 122 (later revision); totals unchanged at USD 398M. |
| DG-065 | Climate tech VC 2024 | USD 23M in 10 deals (Do Ventures, 129) | ~USD 98M to 100M in 55 deals (CT-FE 2025, 131, 132) | Definitional. CT-FE counts Techcoop (USD 70M including debt) as climate; Do Ventures counts it as agriculture. Always name the source. |
| DG-066 | Techcoop year | Announced 28 February 2025 (133) | Counted in 2024 data (129) | Probably closed in late 2024 and announced in 2025. Year-on-year agritech swings (USD 74M to USD 1M) reflect this one deal. |
| DG-067 | GFI H1 2026 total | USD 359M (134, first sentence) | USD 197M "in H1 2026" (134, later sentence) | H1 = USD 359M; USD 197M is almost certainly Q2 2026 (the Q2 pillar figures add up to USD 198M). |
| DG-068 | Coefficient Giving RFP size | "up to $10 million" (fund page, 135) | "up to $30 million across two rounds" (RFP page, 136) | USD 30M (the RFP page is specific and was updated when Round 2 was added in July 2026). |
| DG-069 | Shiok Meats round | "Series B ~USD 18M" (VN press, 137, 138) | not checked against primary | Unresolved; Low confidence. |
| DG-070 | Vietnam VC 2026 YTD | USD 13.7M to March (Tracxn, 139) | >USD 273.78M (StartupBlink via blog, 140) | No position. Wait for the NIC/Do Ventures mid-year data. |
Regional position (12)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-071 | Aleph Farms Singapore approval date | 22 Jul 2026 (SFA list, 141) | 4 Aug 2026 (press, 142, 143, 144) | SFA date is the approval; 4 Aug is the announcement |
| DG-072 | Aleph Farms Thailand filing | 5 Dec 2024 (company release, 145) | 2025 (GFI India, 146) | Company release |
| DG-073 | Malaysia framework | No novel food framework, score 0 (Hawkwood, 147) | Novel food provision exists (Reg. 3A, GFI State of Play, 148) | A general provision exists, but there is no fermentation or cultivated guidance. Hawkwood's 0 overstates the gap. Not verified at source (FSQD site unreachable) |
| DG-074 | Solein category | "Precision fermentation" (Green Queen, 149) | Bacterial protein powder from Xanthobacter (SFA, 141) | Biomass (gas fermentation) |
| DG-075 | Vietnam protein-ingredient import tonnage | 2,421 t (3504) and 5,763 t (2106.10) in 2023, Vietnam-reported via WITS | China alone shipped 10,028 t (3504) and 7,957 t (2106.10) to Vietnam in 2023 | Vietnam weights are WITS estimates (uniform unit value). Use China's mirror for tonnage. Values also differ (VN USD 10.1 M vs CN USD 16.3 M for 3504 from China); cause unknown (classification, valuation, timing) Same or related disagreement: DG-098. |
| DG-076 | Hawkwood cost structure | Representative model: feedstock 10% (biomass) and 18% (PF) of cost | Text: feedstock ~35-65% (biomass) and ~30-45% (PF) across other TEAs | Both printed in the same report. For Vietnam, the point stands either way: labour and utilities are a minor share |
| DG-077 | Angel Yeast expansion | 20,000 t planned (GFI China report, 150) | 30,000+ t (GFI article, 151) | Unresolved; record both |
| DG-078 | Vow ANZ approval | 7 Apr 2025 (152) | June 2025 (153) | Approval by FSANZ in April; in force about June |
| DG-079 | Singapore funding | S$144 M (2019 programme, 154) | S$165 M "Food Story 2.0" (148); S$42 M for 11 projects (155) | Different programmes and calls, not a conflict; do not add them |
| DG-080 | China's share of world fermentation capacity | "70%" (widely repeated) | GFI China report author: source "hard to locate and verify" (150) | Do not use the 70% figure |
| DG-081 | Hawkwood scores for other countries | First machine read: Indonesia sugar 100, Australia sugar 0 | Verbatim Figure 18 read: Indonesia 14, Australia 60 | Verbatim read used; it matches the text (Australia 'strong sugar'; Indonesia a large importer) |
| DG-082 | Vietnam sugar in Hawkwood | Imports 110 kt, exports 0; "region's highest sugar yield per hectare" 2024 | Not cross-checked against USDA Vietnam Sugar Annual | Treat as unverified; feedstock agent to check |
Costs (7)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-083 | Minimum wage 2026 | Prior lead: 4.96 M VND (Region I) | Decree 293/2025: 5.31 M VND from 1 Jan 2026 | Use 5.31 M. 4.96 M was the 2024 to 2025 level. |
| DG-084 | Fishmeal price, Nov 2025 | Prior lead: USD 1,600/t (unsourced) | World Bank Peru 65% CIF: USD 1,794/t | Use the World Bank figure for 65% CIF. The lead may be a lower-grade or domestic price; unverified. Same or related disagreement: DG-115, DG-116, DG-126, DG-127. |
| DG-085 | Blended 22 kV EVN price | Consultancy example: about 2,128 VND/kWh | My calculation from the tariff and the April 2026 windows: 1,952 VND/kWh for 24/7 load | Both can be right for different load profiles (the consultancy may assume more peak-hour use). For continuous plants use 1,952. The claimed DPPA saving shrinks if the baseline is 1,952. |
| DG-086 | World urea, March 2026 | CafeF: USD 674/t | World Bank series: USD 726/t | Different series and origins. Record both; the direction (a sharp rise) agrees. |
| DG-087 | Capex per m3 of fermentation | Vlaeminck: about USD 51,000/m3 | Risner: about USD 350,000/m3 | Not averaged. They reflect different designs, grades and estimation methods. Use equipment-level estimates. |
| DG-088 | Cooling "offsets" the power advantage (prior draft) | Prior draft implied a large offset | My estimate: USD 70 to 180/t, about 2 to 4% of feed-SCP cost | Partly true, but the offset is modest and avoidable with thermotolerant strains. |
| DG-089 | Comtrade unit values for protein ingredients | 2.52 to 9.16 USD/kg | Identical unit values across all partners suggest imputed quantities | Values are usable; unit values are Low confidence. Same or related disagreement: DG-119. |
Geography, institutions and outlook (6)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-122 | E10 nationwide date | 1 January 2026 (brief) | 1 June 2026 (Circular 50/2025 text; 156 press) | 1 June 2026. 1 January 2026 is the circular's effective date. 157 read directly. Same or related disagreement: DG-029. |
| DG-123 | Long An | Merged into HCMC (brief option) | Merged into Tay Ninh (Resolution 202 Art 1(18)) | Tay Ninh, with its capital in former Long An. |
| DG-124 | Number of municipalities | Wikipedia summary said "8 municipalities" (fetch-model summary) | Resolution 202 and the Wikipedia table list 6 | 6 cities, 28 provinces. The "8" is a summarisation artefact. |
| DG-125 | Vietnam population 2025 | UN WPP 2024: 101.6 M | GSO 2025 estimate: 102.3 M (158) | Use GSO for 2025 facts and UN for projections, and note the gap of about 0.7 M. Do not mix the two in growth rates. Same or related disagreement: DG-011. |
| DG-126 | Fishmeal price level | Prior leads: USD 1,600/t (November 2025) and 1,825 later | WB series: Q4 2025 average 1,796; August 2026 2,500 | WB series (159) for benchmarks. The different origins (Peru FOB vs c&f Europe vs Vietnam delivered) explain part of the gap. Same or related disagreement: DG-084, DG-115, DG-116, DG-127. |
| DG-127 | Pink Sheet month labels | First extraction put 2,045 as the June fishmeal price | Second, verbatim extraction: 2,045 = Q2 2026 average; June 2,145; July 2,103; August 2,500 | Second extraction used. Same or related disagreement: DG-084, DG-115, DG-116, DG-126. |
Futures 2030 to 2050 (28)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-143 | Gas-route electricity per kg of protein | 41 kWh per kg (balance model; lower-efficiency published case, 160, 161) | About 69 kWh per kg (2030 plant design, 162) | Keep 41 in the model and report the 69 kWh case: break-even grid intensity about 12 g instead of 21 g CO2 per kWh; S-ALT 2050 electricity about 19 TWh instead of 11.7. The conclusion (dedicated clean power is a precondition) holds either way. Version 0.2 (futures round). |
| DG-144 | Maize imports, 2035 | 13.9 Mt (balance model) | 16.6 Mt (OECD-FAO, 163) | Report both. OECD-FAO has 4.4 Mt of non-feed use by 2035 against our 1.6 Mt, and rising domestic output. Version 0.2 (futures round). |
| DG-145 | Fishmeal feed use, 2035 | 274 kt (balance model) | 339 kt (OECD-FAO, 163) | Report both. Our inclusion rates fall 1.5% a year; OECD-FAO use rises. Version 0.2 (futures round). |
| DG-146 | Meat output against the 2030 target | About 6.0 Mt carcass weight in 2025 on NSO data (164), already inside the 2030 range | Target 6.0 to 6.5 Mt for 2030 (Decision 1520, 165) | Report both. Either the target is conservative or NSO live weights run high. Version 0.2 (futures round). |
| DG-147 | Soybean-meal supply, MY2026/27 | About 9 Mt of meal supply implied by USDA import forecasts (166) | 7.8 Mt of feed use (USDA Post, 167); 7.7 Mt in the model | Logged. USDA imports imply stock building, exports or higher use than its own feed forecast. Version 0.2 (futures round). |
| DG-148 | Maize imports, MY2026/27 | 15 Mt (USDA Post, 1) | About 12.3 Mt (model, 2027 interpolation) | Report both; the model is calibrated on 2025 customs imports (11.9 Mt). Version 0.2 (futures round). |
| DG-149 | Alternative-protein research intensity against Thailand | 0.37 against 1.58 plant-based or cultivated meat records per 10,000 publications, about 23% (OpenAIRE, v0.1, 168) | 4.1 against 13.4 core-basket works per 10,000 national publications, 2015 to 2025, about 31% (OpenAlex, 169) | Say "about a quarter to a third of Thailand's". Version 0.2 (futures round). |
| DG-150 | Rice land, 2030 | 3.56 Mha, keep stable (Decision 1748) | 3,252.63 thousand ha (Decision 1177, 170) | Use Decision 1177: later, and it adjusts the national land plan. Version 0.2 (futures round). |
| DG-151 | Renewables in primary energy, 2030 | 15 to 20% (green growth strategy, Decision 1658) | 25 to 30% (Resolution 70, 171) | Use Resolution 70: later and higher-ranking. Version 0.2 (futures round). |
| DG-152 | GDP per person, 2050 | USD 27,000 to 32,000 (Resolution 81, 172) | About USD 38,000 (Resolution 252, 173) | Use Resolution 252, which amends Resolution 81. Version 0.2 (futures round). |
| DG-153 | Power-sector emissions cap, 2030 | 197 to 199 MtCO2e (Decision 768, 174) | At most 170 MtCO2e (Decision 458, press summary) | Unresolved; Decision 768 used in calculations. Version 0.2 (futures round). |
| DG-154 | Mekong hydrogen project sizes | About 30 kt of H2 a year each (175) | 24, 24, 70 and 5.3 kt (176) | Totals agree (about 120 to 123 kt); use 176. Version 0.2 (futures round). |
| DG-155 | Ca Mau farmed shrimp, 2025 | 594,851 t (177) | 577,000 t (178) | Use 594,851 t; the gap is 3%. Version 0.2 (futures round). |
| DG-156 | Capture fisheries, 2030 | 2.8 Mt target (Decision 339, 179) | 3.50 Mt (OECD-FAO, 180) | Report both; OECD-FAO does not model the fleet cut. Version 0.2 (futures round). |
| DG-157 | Domestic soybean area and yield | Under 20 thousand ha; 1.62 t per ha (181) | 39 thousand ha; 1.28 t per ha (OECD-FAO, 180) | Area 20 to 39 thousand ha; yield unresolved. Version 0.2 (futures round). |
| DG-158 | Vietnamese fishmeal output | 325 kt (OECD-FAO, 2025, 180) | About 500 kt a year, 2005 to 2016 (secondary, 182) | Use OECD-FAO; the 500 kt may include fish powder. Version 0.2 (futures round). |
| DG-159 | Marine finfish feed conversion on trash fish | 2 to 2.5 (183) | Grouper 5.9, wet weight (184) | Use 5 to 8 on a wet-weight basis. Version 0.2 (futures round). |
| DG-160 | Marine feed volume, 2025 | 18 kt (our base, aquaculture paths) | 80 to 100 kt (industry, 2; Appendix S6) | Unresolved; open question logged. It affects species-level marine-feed estimates, not the national soybean-meal total. Version 0.2 (futures round). |
| DG-161 | Approved GE events for food and feed | 60 in total (185) | 52 when summed by crop in the same summary | Report 60 as stated; breakdown incomplete. Version 0.2 (futures round). |
| DG-162 | Khanh Hoa offshore mariculture pilot area | 440 ha (Decision 231, 186) | Phases in the same summary add up to 240 ha | Report 440 ha as the headline and flag the gap. Version 0.2 (futures round). |
| DG-163 | National rice straw | About 52 to 54 Mt a year at a straw-to-grain ratio of 1.19 (187; 188) | About 97 Mt at a ratio of 2.2 (189) | Use the 1.19 ratio. Version 0.2 (futures round). |
| DG-164 | Cellulosic sugar cost | USD 342 to 467 per t (mature-plant models, 190, 191) | USD 1,320 per t (lab-optimised Indian bagasse process, 192) | Report both; first-of-a-kind plants cost far more per tonne of capacity. Version 0.2 (futures round). |
| DG-165 | Carbon footprint of Argentine soybean meal | 0.72 t CO2e per t (193) | 4.09 t CO2e per t with country-level land-use change (194) | Report both; the accounting method acts as the carbon price. Version 0.2 (futures round). |
| DG-166 | Cultivated-meat volume forecasts | Consultancy forecasts: 35% of "meat" by 2040 (Kearney, 2019); 1.5 Mt by 2030 (McKinsey, 2021) (195 to 196) | Expert panel: 54% chance world output stays below 100,000 t a year through 2051 (197) | Use the probabilistic panel; only 9 of 84 resolved timeline predictions made before 2021 were right (198). Version 0.2 (futures round). |
| DG-167 | US tariff changes on Vietnam, 2025 to 2026 | "Four regimes in 16 months" (199 to 200) | The 46% rate was announced but never applied; three rates were applied: 20%, 10% and 12.5% (201) | Say "changed four times in 16 months, with three different rates applied". Version 0.2 (futures round). |
| DG-168 | African swine fever counts | 952 to 3,029 outbreaks a year (2020 to 2024) | 2019 counted by communes (8,553 of 10,614), not outbreaks (202) | Report outbreaks for 2020 to 2024 only; describe 2019 separately. Version 0.2 (futures round). |
| DG-169 | Value of cheaper capital for fermentation protein | "Worth a decade of learning" (early ECF draft) | Script output: USD 3,613 per t with no learning at a 9% charge, close to the central learning case in 2030 (USD 3,557), not 2040 (USD 3,176) | Say "does as much as the learning expected by 2030". Version 0.2 (futures round). |
| DG-170 | Methane target base year, 2050 | 40% below 2020 by 2050 | 40% below 2030 by 2050 (NTS reading of Decision 896) | Read the 2050 base as 2030 (Medium); open question logged. Version 0.2 (futures round). |
Demand side, v0.3 (89)
Diet and prices (15)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-171 | Meat eaten per person, level (supply vs intake) | FAOSTAT food supply: 60.5 kg of meat per person in 2023, carcass weight, plus 7.0 kg offal (DIE-07) | NIN General Nutrition Survey: 136.4 g per person per day in 2020, about 49.8 kg a year as eaten (DIE-01; DIE-02) | Use NIN for intake and nutrition claims, FAO for international comparison and trends. Do not average. |
| DG-172 | Meat eaten per person, household survey vs nutrition survey | VHLSS: 2.60 kg per person per month for home use in 2024, 31.2 kg a year (DIE-05) | NIN: 136.4 g per day, 49.8 kg a year (2020) (DIE-01) | Treat VHLSS as home consumption only. The difference is roughly the meat eaten away from home plus basis differences. |
| DG-173 | Meat per person, OECD-FAO vs FAOSTAT | OECD-FAO: 45.5 kg per person in 2023 (pork, poultry, beef, sheep) (DIE-11) | FAOSTAT: 60.5 kg per person in 2023 (all meat) (DIE-07) | Both usable within their own series. OECD-FAO for projections, FAOSTAT for levels and neighbours. |
| DG-174 | Eggs eaten per person | FAOSTAT: 3.96 kg per person in 2023, roughly 66 to 72 eggs (our conversion at 55 to 60 g) (DIE-07) | NSO production of 21.4 billion eggs in 2025 implies about 211 eggs per person (our division; supply study MI-010); VHLSS home use is 61 eggs a year (DIE-05) | Prefer VHLSS for household consumption (61 eggs at home). Flag FAO egg supply as probably too low. |
| DG-175 | Milk supply per person | FAOSTAT: 53.9 kg per person in 2021 | FAOSTAT: 37.4 kg per person in 2023 (same series) (DIE-07) | Do not read the fall as a real drop in dairy consumption. |
| DG-176 | FAOSTAT series break | Historic food balance sheet: Vietnam meat supply 51.5 kg per person in 2010 (DIE-08) | New food balance sheet: 41.0 kg per person in 2010 (DIE-07) | Use the new series from 2010 and the historic series only before 2010, and never join them without a note. |
| DG-177 | Protein content of tofu | Vietnamese Food Composition Table: 10.9 g protein per 100 g (DIE-12) | Retail labels in the supply study audit: 3.8 to 9.3 g per 100 g (FORM-01) | Report both. Use the FCT for the standard comparison and flag that some commercial tofu is much wetter. |
| DG-178 | Protein content of pangasius fillet | Commercial frozen fillets 12.5 to 15.7 g per 100 g (DIE-13) | Untreated fillets 18 g or more (DIE-14) | Use 15 g central with a 12.5 to 18 g range. |
| DG-179 | Peak live hog price, 2020 | Press: the 2020 peak reached about 100,000 VND per kg live weight (DIE-27, press, secondary) | FAOSTAT producer price: annual average 78,138 VND per kg in 2020 (DIE-25) | Both can be true (monthly peak vs annual average). Use the FAO annual figure for comparisons. |
| DG-180 | Is protein intake adequate? | Average intake is about 73 to 80 g per person per day (DIE-32; derived from DIE-01), 1.5 times the 50 g label reference (DIE-04) | 35.5% of adults in the Hanoi and Thai Binh study were below the recommended protein intake (DIE-32) | Adequate on average for adults; do not claim a general protein gap. Undernutrition is concentrated in children in poorer, mountainous areas. |
| DG-181 | Willingness to pay for safer pork | Discrete choice experiment: 70% premium for certified-abattoir pork, up to 102% for hormone- and drug-free pork (DIE-29) | Incentive-compatible auction: 20% premium for pork from upgraded shops (DIE-30) | Plan on the auction figure (about 20%) as the realistic ceiling for a safety premium in fresh protein. |
| DG-182 | Meat intake reported at the survey launch | 136.4 g per person per day (DIE-01; DIE-02) | 134 g per person per day (DIE-03) | Use 136.4 g, reported by two outlets with the full launch data. |
| DG-183 | Beef per person in OECD-FAO history | OECD-FAO: 8.3 kg (2015) and 7.1 kg (2019) (DIE-11) | OECD-FAO: 3.6 kg (2020); FAOSTAT 2.7 to 3.9 kg over 2015 to 2020 (DIE-07) | Use FAOSTAT for beef history; use OECD-FAO beef only from 2020 on. |
| DG-184 | Fish eaten at home | VHLSS: 1.50 kg per person per month (2020) falling to 1.13 kg (2022) in every region (DIE-05) | FAOSTAT fish supply flat at 40 to 41 kg per person over 2020 to 2023 (DIE-07) | Treat the VHLSS drop as a possible questionnaire change until NSO explains it. |
| DG-185 | Overweight in children under 5 | NIN General Nutrition Survey: 7.4% (2020) (DIE-03) | UNICEF/WHO/World Bank modelled estimate: 8.0% (2020), 10.5% (2024) (DIE-28) | Use the survey value for 2020 and the modelled series for the trend. |
Chay (10)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-186 | Number of Buddhists | 2019 census: 4.6 million Buddhists (CHY-08) | 2023 White Paper: more than 14 million registered Buddhists (CHY-07); Pew 2023: 38% of adults identify as Buddhist (CHY-06) | Use Pew 38% for self-identification; none measures chay practice |
| DG-187 | Vu Lan 2026 demand | Hanoi sellers: volume 2 to 3 times normal (CHY-20) | Hai Phong restaurant: orders down 20 to 30% on 2025 (CHY-21); Ho Chi Minh City: buying 'slightly up' (CHY-19) | Both true: the seasonal multiple held, but year-on-year volume softened as costs rose |
| DG-188 | Direction of chay taste: mock meat versus natural | Ho Chi Minh City 2024: mock meats were best sellers (CHY-26); periodic eaters prefer processed chay (CHY-09) | Hanoi 2026: buyers prefer mushrooms, lotus, beans, vegetables over industrial chay (CHY-20; CHY-21) | Treat as regional plus segment difference: southern periodic mass market buys mock meat; northern and strict buyers lean natural |
| DG-189 | Tofu consumption volume | USSEC: tofu 11% of 286,000 t soy food in 2023, about 31,500 t (CHY-46) | Craft village evidence: Hong Ha commune alone processes 20 to 30 t beans a day (CHY-48); Vong La over 80% of households at 150 kg beans a day (CHY-49) | Prefer USDA 550,000 t soybean food use as the anchor; treat USSEC tofu figure as industrial tofu only |
| DG-190 | Foody chay listing counts | B-Company: 2,737 stores in 51 provinces, May 2024 (CHY-14) | Our read: at least 3,275 in 23 former provinces, September 2026 (CHY-31) | Use our direct read with caveats; do not infer outlet growth |
| DG-191 | Buddhist view of mock meat | Thich Thanh Huan and Thich Minh Thanh: acceptable skilful means that reduces killing (CHY-53; CHY-55) | Duong Lu Dien: mock meat damages compassion and keeps attachment to meat (CHY-54) | Permissive on balance; no binding Sangha ruling found |
| DG-192 | Whether the five pungent plants rule applies to chay eaters | Giac Ngo advisory: binds Bodhisattva precept holders, not lay lunar-day observers (CHY-52) | Academic paper: Buddhist vegetarian diet excludes the five pungent plants (CHY-10) | Follow Giac Ngo for lay practice; mainstream products already use alliums (FORM-01) |
| DG-193 | Rakuten 2024 weekly consumption share | B-Company article 1: 45% several times a week (CHY-13) | B-Company article 2: 44% several times a week (CHY-14) | Use neither as verified; underlying Statista values are paywalled; 2021 value is 44% (CHY-02) |
| DG-194 | Chay price versus meat | Street chay and supermarket đồ chay are cheaper than meat (CHY-38; FORM-01) | Famous chay restaurants are more expensive than meat restaurants (CHY-37) | Both true by segment: mass chay below meat, premium chay above |
| DG-195 | Vietnamese vegetarian share of population | VTV and VnEconomy: about 10% (CHY-15; CHY-18) | Rakuten 2021: 10% 'only consume plant-based food' in an online panel (CHY-02); no probability survey exists | Reject the 10% population claim; treat Rakuten as a panel figure |
Consumers (12)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-196 | What the GFI 5% to 63% figure means | GFI SOTIR 2023 and 10-charts page: share who would eat plant-based meat rises from 5% who eat it regularly now to 63% who would eat it always (15%) or often (48%) if all concerns were resolved (ECO-23; ECO-24) | GFI press release Feb 2024: if cost and other challenges are resolved, three-quarters of Southeast Asian consumers say they would regularly consume plant-based meat (CON-02) | Use 63% always or often, as charted with n=5,971. The three-quarters wording seems to count a broader group and is not shown in any chart we could read |
| DG-197 | Vinasoy share of soy milk | About 80% of soy milk (brief context, ECO-41, press from QNS filings, 2024) | 90.6% of branded soy milk in 2024, up 1 point (Bao Viet Securities via CON-27; Mirae Asset CON-26) | Use 90.6% of branded (packaged) soy milk for 2024; treat 80% as an older or broader-base figure |
| DG-198 | How many Vietnamese have tried plant-based products | Rakuten Insight 2025: 92% have tried plant-based alternatives (CON-07) | GFI 2023: 42% have ever tried plant-based meat (CON-02) | Both hold: Rakuten counts any plant-based alternative (89% of triers had plant milk); GFI counts plant-based meat only. Use GFI for meat analogues |
| DG-199 | Regular consumption | Rakuten 2025: 43% consume plant-based alternatives several times a week (CON-07) | GFI 2023: 3% eat plant-based meat one or more times a week (CON-02) | Both hold; different categories. For product design use GFI for meat analogues and Rakuten for plant milk |
| DG-200 | Awareness of novel alternative protein among Hanoi youth | Nguyen M.Q. et al. 2025 text: 84% aware but not used (CON-12); RD-32 reports the same 84% | Same paper: 202 of 288 respondents (70%) were aware but had not used | Use 70% if anything, rated Low; the identical 84% in two samples suggests reuse |
| DG-201 | Plant-based dairy trend in 2023 | Euromonitor: plant-based dairy retail value fell strongly in 2023 (CON-30) | Google Trends: search interest in sữa hạt peaked in 2023 (index 82 against 44 in 2022) (CON-37) | Prefer Euromonitor for sales; search interest is not sales and is driven by home nut-milk machines |
| DG-202 | Who the early adopters are by age | GFI 2023: 18 to 24 year olds are the least aware; about two-thirds of Enthusiasts are over 35 (CON-02) | Vietnamese academic studies focus on 18 to 25 students and report high willingness (CON-12; CON-13; RD-32) | Prefer GFI: target 25 to 44 urban earners; student intentions are cheap talk with low incomes |
| DG-203 | Income and meat reduction | GFI 2023: plant-based meat Expanders tend to be higher income; Rejectors lower (ECO-23) | Delley et al. 2024: Vietnamese proactive meat reducers skew to the two lowest income bands (CON-08) | Both hold: premium plant-based meat skews rich; meat reduction for health or money skews poorer and will use cheap chay and tofu, not premium analogues |
| DG-204 | Role of environmental concern | Nguyen M.Q. et al. 2025: environmental and sustainability concern raises attitude to novel protein (CON-12) | Ly and Ly 2025: environmental concern has a small negative effect on intention (CON-13); Rakuten: environment ranks 6th of 7 reasons in Vietnam (CON-07) | Treat environment as a weak and unstable driver in Vietnam; lead with health, safety and value |
| DG-205 | Role of religion | Nguyen T.L. et al. 2020 (spirituality) and Nguyen T.Q.N. et al. 2025 (religious values) find positive effects; Rakuten: 35% cite following a vegetarian diet (CON-11; CON-16; CON-07) | Ly and Ly 2025: religious beliefs not significant among Hanoi students (CON-13) | Religion drives chay and periodic vegetarian demand among the general population, less so among students choosing modern products |
| DG-206 | Share of Vietnamese who eat vegetarian | Unnamed 2019 survey in CafeF: 55% eat chay (CON-20) | Delley et al. 2024: 4% of urban meat eaters call themselves flexitarian (CON-08) | Reject the 55% (no source; arithmetic does not reconcile). The 4% excludes non-meat eaters and is urban only |
| DG-207 | Size of Vietnam plant-based markets | Press and consultancy figures: VND 1,000 billion plant-based meat (ECO-17), USD 500 million (ECO-18), USD 112 million vegan food 2025 (IMARC via CON-38) | Revealed evidence: no Mintel launches 2022 to Q2 2023 (ECO-23); one imported analogue brand in 186 audited SKUs (FORM-01) | Do not use the market-size claims; no method is traceable |
Frontier categories (9)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-208 | Chinese consumer acceptance of cultivated meat | 59.3 percent of an urban online sample were very or extremely likely to buy clean meat (2018 fieldwork; NOV-28) | In a 2020 discrete choice experiment in five cities, willingness to pay for cultivated meat was below farm-raised meat, and below plant-based meat (NOV-29) | Prefer the choice experiment for pricing and demand design; treat the 59.3 percent as an upper bound on stated openness |
| DG-209 | Purchase intent for blended products in the 2025 Singapore blind test | 22 percent would buy blended versus 16 percent plant-based (vegconomist, NOV-39) | 58 percent would likely buy blended versus 38 percent plant-based and 95 percent conventional (Green Queen, NOV-38) | Use the ratio (blends 1.4 to 1.5 times plant-based) and the gap to conventional meat, not either level |
| DG-210 | How blends compare with conventional meat on liking | Best blends matched or beat conventional (a 30 to 50 percent plant chicken mince beat 100 percent chicken; others within 0.5 points on a 7-point scale) (NOV-37, NOV-38) | On average animal meat was liked by more tasters: 60 percent versus 37 percent for blends (NOV-40); or 81 percent versus 59 percent for blends and 44 percent for plant-based (NOV-38); animal protein ranks top, blends second, plant-based last | Both are true: the best blends reach parity, the average blend does not. Design to the best-blend standard |
| DG-211 | Share of young Hanoi respondents aware of but not using novel alternative proteins (NOV-02) | 84 percent, as stated in the text | 202 of 288 respondents, which is 70 percent | Use 70 percent, computed from the reported counts |
| DG-212 | Vietnam edible mushroom production | About 250,000 t per year and US$25 to 30 million exports (citing SGGP 2019, in NOV-78) | About 24,780 t in 2021, forecast 26,620 t in 2026 (citing Reportlinker, in NOV-78) | No position; both are secondary and cited in the same paper |
| DG-213 | What GOOD Meat 3 is | A cultivated meat product, 'exceptional in taste', sales to exceed prior years (company, NOV-10) | With 97 percent plant ingredients it is effectively a plant-based product (Monash University professor, NOV-11) | Treat it as a hybrid plant product with a small cultivated ingredient; its sales say little about demand for cultivated meat as such |
| DG-214 | Vow's scale | More than 5000 kg per week production and 35,000 litres capacity (company, NOV-16) | About 25,000 dishes served in 16 months in Singapore and staff cuts of 30 percent in 2025 (NOV-14, NOV-16) | Capacity is not demand; we rely on dishes served and restaurant counts |
| DG-215 | Stated share of Southeast Asians who would regularly eat plant-based meat if barriers were removed (Decoding Demand) | About 63 percent, from 5 percent now (project document citing ECO-24) | 'Three-quarters' would regularly consume; 50 percent often plus 15 percent always (GFI APAC press release, NOV-35) | Report 'about two-thirds would often or always choose it', flag as a hypothetical stated measure |
| DG-216 | Openness of Vietnamese consumers to cultivated meat | Vietnam is where the most open segment is concentrated (five-country study, NOV-01) | Only about a quarter of young Vietnamese are 'optimists' about in vitro meat (NOV-03) | Not a contradiction: Vietnam can be relatively open compared with Japan or Korea while most individuals are not optimists. Use both |
Channels and institutions (13)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-217 | Modern trade share of food retail | USDA GAIN 2024 (CHN-02): modern trade 15% of retail value in 2023 (bar chart, Euromonitor) | USDA GAIN 2025 (CHN-01): modern retail 13% in 2024 (pie excludes food and drink specialists) | Use 13% (2024) for supermarkets, hypermarkets and convenience; the 15% includes specialists. Like-for-like the share rose from 12% (2023) to 13% (2024) |
| DG-218 | Modern trade share in 2025 | WinCommerce CEO (CHN-15): 12% to 14% of grocery, 2024 to 2025 | Euromonitor via USDA (CHN-01): 13% in 2024 | Report both; treat 14% for 2025 as a company claim (Low) |
| DG-219 | Foodservice market size 2024 | USDA HRI 2025 (CHN-03): USD 26.6 billion (Euromonitor) | USDA Retail 2025 (CHN-01): Food Service-HRI USD 27.3 billion | Prefer USD 26.6 billion from the dedicated HRI report |
| DG-220 | Number of foodservice outlets | Euromonitor via CHN-03: over 323,000 outlets in 2024 | iPOS via CHN-04: 304,700 operators in mid-2024 after 30,000 closures; over 50,000 more closed in H1 2025 (CHN-03) | Report both; different definitions (outlets vs operators) and dates |
| DG-221 | KFC store count | USDA HRI 2024 (CHN-04): over 200 stores | Q&Me enumeration March 2025 (CHN-06): 172 | Prefer 172 (store enumeration) |
| DG-222 | Circle K store count | Q&Me March 2025 (CHN-06): 499 | SHS via CafeF, Nov 2025 (CHN-08): about 447 | Report both; cannot tell whether closures or method explain the gap |
| DG-223 | Share of fresh meat through traditional channels | Euromonitor via B&Company (CHN-18): around 80% of fresh meat market | Systematic review (CHN-19): over 95% of pork retailers sell at wet markets | Both hold: one is value share, the other a share of retailers. Use about 80% of value as the working figure (Low) |
| DG-224 | Industrial catering market size | Saigon Times 2024 (CHN-41) and B&Company via CafeF 2026 (CHN-35): about USD 2 billion a year | Cong Thuong 2019 (CHN-42): about VND 1,000 billion a day (about USD 14 billion a year) | Use USD 2 billion; reject the 2019 figure |
| DG-225 | Caterer margins | Saigon Times (CHN-41): margins 20% to 35% after commissions | Same source: food is 60% to 80% of meal value | Downgrade the margin claim to Low |
| DG-226 | Bach Hoa Xanh store forecast | Vietcap via CafeF, Dec 2024 (CHN-13): over 2,100 stores by end-2026 | Actual: 2,180 in May 2025 (CHN-09); 3,612 in Aug 2026 (CHN-12) | Use actuals; the forecast is superseded |
| DG-227 | US arrivals Jan to Aug 2026 | VietnamPlus (CHN-51): USA 887,000, up 20.4% | NSO (CHN-45): Americas 887,400, up 20.7% | Use NSO; the VietnamPlus label is likely wrong |
| DG-228 | Date of Decision 1340/QD-TTg | Official portal (CHN-33): 8 July 2016 | Tool summary of LuatVietnam page: 8 August 2016 | Use 8 July 2016 |
| DG-229 | Canteen meal price level | Cong Thuong 2019 (CHN-42): VND 15,000 to 20,000 | Hai Phong 2026 (CHN-39): VND 25,000 to 35,000; Saigon Times 2024 (CHN-41): VND 29,000 standard | Use 2026 figures; the gap is inflation and upgrading, not a contradiction |
Business buyers (8)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-230 | HS 3504 imports from China, 2023 | Vietnam reports imports from China of about USD 10.1 million [RGN-45] and from all partners USD 22.18 million CIF with imputed quantity [BUY-01] | China reports exports to Vietnam of USD 16.31 million and 10,028 t (all partners report USD 32.08 million FOB) [BUY-02] | Prefer partner-reported data for China tonnage and values because Vietnam's quantities are imputed; report both |
| DG-231 | HS 2106.10 imports, 2023 | Vietnam-reported USD 33.98 million CIF [BUY-01] | Partner-reported USD 40.33 million FOB [BUY-02] | Report both; use partner data for trend to 2025 because Vietnam has not reported 2024 or 2025 |
| DG-232 | Wheat gluten tonnage, 2023 | Vietnam-reported 12,337 t (imputed) [BUY-01] | Partner-reported 16,664 t (China 10,338 t) [BUY-02] | Prefer partner-reported tonnage |
| DG-233 | Tariff classification of soy protein isolate | Supply study: SPI is often classified in HS 3504 (tariff table note) | Commercial shipment samples declare SPI under HS 2106.10.00 (2025) [BUY-07] | Treat SPI as split across both codes; do not read either code as 'SPI' |
| DG-234 | Next Fi Vietnam edition | USDA recommends the 'Food Ingredients Trade Show (May 2027)' [MAC-31] | Organiser site lists the next Fi Vietnam as 17 to 19 May 2028 [BUY-32] | Use the organiser date for Fi Vietnam; USDA may mean another show |
| DG-235 | Vissan 2025 processed food volume | 2025 plan: 21,460 t [BUY-04] | 2025 actual: 18,547 t; 2026 plan 20,350 t [BUY-04] | Use actual 18,547 t for 2025 and treat 20,350 t as a target |
| DG-236 | Egg white powder unit value | India to Vietnam 2023: USD 11.51/kg [BUY-02] | India to Vietnam 2025: USD 5.90/kg [BUY-02] | Use 2025 as the current benchmark; note volatility |
| DG-237 | Caseinates and casein derivatives (HS 3501.90), 2023 | Vietnam-reported imports USD 27.83 million CIF [BUY-01] | Partner-reported exports to Vietnam USD 9.87 million FOB [BUY-02] | Report both; do not use either as a caseinate demand figure until declarations are checked |
Export (8)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-238 | Global plant-based meat and seafood retail sales, 2025 | USD 6.6 billion (GFI resource page and GFI Euromonitor analysis; EXP-03, EXP-10) | USD 6.8 billion (vegconomist summary of the same GFI report; EXP-04) | Use USD 6.6 billion |
| DG-239 | US plant-based milk retail sales, 2025 | USD 2.7 billion, down 2% (GFI US retail insights; EXP-02) | USD 2.5 billion, down 2% (Green Queen summary; EXP-01) | Use USD 2.7 billion |
| DG-240 | Korea alternative meat market size | Euromonitor: KRW 21.2 billion in 2022, forecast KRW 32.1 billion in 2025 (EXP-09) | aT: about KRW 25.2 billion in 2023, forecast KRW 29.5 billion in 2025 (EXP-08) | Report both; both place the market at roughly KRW 20 to 30 billion (under USD 25 million) |
| DG-241 | Vietnam exports of HS 2106.10 to the US | Vietnam-reported: USD 0.14 million to the US in 2023 (EXP-39) | US-reported: USD 1.45 million imports from Vietnam in 2024 (EXP-40) | Report both; the US mirror figure better reflects what reaches US shelves |
| DG-242 | Scope of the EU restriction on meat names | vegconomist: 'EU banned meat terminology for alternative protein products (March 2026)' (EXP-04) | GFI Europe: 32 specific terms restricted from 19 August 2026; burger, sausage and nuggets still allowed; new amendments pending (EXP-25) | Use GFI Europe's detailed account |
| DG-243 | Thailand alternative protein exports | MGR Online (TPSO): THB 4.5 billion in 2021, projected THB 5.67 billion in 2024 (EXP-15) | The Nation (Thai Future Food Trade Association): THB 384 million in January 2025 alone, about THB 4.6 billion a year if sustained (EXP-12) | Report both as an order of magnitude (about THB 4.5 to 5.7 billion a year); low confidence |
| DG-244 | Six-country European plant-based sales volume change, 2024 to 2025 | Automated summary of GFI Europe page: down 1.7% (total 1,600.4 million kg in 2024) | Our sum of GFI Europe's country table: 1,500.4 to 1,572.8 million kg, up 4.8% (EXP-05) | Use up 4.8% |
| DG-245 | US tariff status of Vietnamese cashews | Nhan Dan: 'US removed import tariffs November 14, 2025' on cashews (EXP-19) | Law-firm summary of the 14 November 2025 order lists coffee, tea, tropical fruit and juices, cocoa, spices, bananas, oranges, tomatoes and beef, not nuts explicitly (EXP-20); USTR's July 2026 Section 301 notice explicitly exempts cashews (EXP-22) | Cashews are exempt from the July 2026 Section 301 tariff (primary source); the November 2025 status is not needed for current decisions |
Global benchmarks (13)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-246 | Price parity in Germany | Plant-based meat was 45% more expensive per kg than animal meat in 2024 (sales-weighted Circana, GLB-09) | Meat substitutes had reached price parity in German supermarkets (unweighted shelf sample, GLB-15) | Use the sales-weighted premium (+45%) for demand modelling; parity applies to the cheapest private-label items, not to what people actually buy on average |
| DG-247 | Price parity in the Netherlands | A basket of the cheapest plant-based versions of 12 products was cheaper than the animal basket in most Dutch supermarkets (ProVeg, cited in GLB-10) | Plant-based meat averaged 35% more per kg than animal meat in 2024 (Circana, GLB-10) | Prefer the sales-weighted average for sizing; note that even where cheap parity options exist, volume fell |
| DG-248 | Sign of plant-based meat own-price elasticity | US scanner studies find negative, elastic demand: -0.84 to -1.55 (GLB-16) and -1.23 for plant-based beef (GLB-03) | Dutch store-level scanner study finds a positive own-price elasticity of +1.52 (GLB-21) | Use -0.8 to -1.6 as the working range; treat the Dutch positive sign as an artefact of rapid variety and quality growth in 2015 to 2018, as its authors suggest |
| DG-249 | Is plant-based meat a substitute or complement for meat? | Substitute for chicken, turkey, fish (GLB-16); plant-based beef patties substitute for beef patties (GLB-20) | Complement for beef and pork (GLB-16); complement for beef, poultry and fish in the Netherlands (GLB-21); cross-price effects small (GLB-24; GLB-26) | No firm sign; assume cross-price effects on meat are small and do not assume one-for-one displacement |
| DG-250 | US plant-based meat household penetration in 2021 | 19% of households bought plant-based meat in 2021 (GLB-02) | The 2025 release gives a 2021 high of 20% (GLB-01) | Quote 19 to 20% for the 2021 peak and use the current release (20% to 11%) for the trend because both ends share one method |
| DG-251 | US natural-channel share of plant-based meat | 14% of natural-channel meat dollar sales in 2021 (GLB-02) | About 3% in 2025 (GLB-01) | Do not interpret as a collapse; channel definitions probably changed. Not used in headline findings |
| DG-252 | Effect of Lidl Germany's price parity | Vegan sales rose more than 30% in six months after October 2023 parity (company claim, GLB-13; GLB-14) | German plant-based meat market volume rose 6.2% in 2024 and fell 1.7% in 2025 (GLB-09; GLB-08) | Price parity by one retailer may mainly shift share between retailers; the national category did not take off |
| DG-253 | Stated versus revealed demand in Southeast Asia | 76% of interested consumers say they would buy plant-based meat at price parity (GLB-48, stated) | In the Netherlands, widespread private-label parity coincided with falling plant-based meat volumes and a flat protein split (GLB-10; GLB-12; GLB-08, revealed) | Weight revealed evidence; treat stated parity intent as an upper bound for trial, not repeat purchase |
| DG-254 | Stated versus revealed demand in China | 60.1% of an age and gender matched online sample said they had eaten plant-based meat (GLB-51) | Beyond Meat sold under 600 units a month on Tmall and several startups closed by 2023 (GLB-50) | Stated trial figures from online panels overstate the market; use revealed evidence |
| DG-255 | Blind-taste 'parity' of blended products | In blind tastings, US consumers favoured a 70% beef and 30% mushroom blend over plant-based alternatives (GLB-30) | When told the ingredients, demand for the blend fell (GLB-30); Dutch hybrid products are too small to move the protein split (GLB-12) | Hybrids can win on taste but should not be sold on a 'less meat' message alone |
| DG-256 | Thai meat substitute premium over processed meat | 'Around 40% more' (GLB-53 text) | 736 vs 430 THB per kg, which is 71% more (GLB-53 figures) | Report the THB figures and the 71% arithmetic; flag the source's rounding |
| DG-257 | Vegetarian default effect size | Defaults move vegetarian choice from 2 to 12% to 86 to 89% (GLB-37) and triple plant-based choice (GLB-38) | Randomised trials with at least one day of follow-up show a pooled effect of SMD 0.07 across all meat-reduction interventions (GLB-39) | Defaults reliably change the meal served; lasting net reduction in meat eaten is not shown. Size institutional channels by meals served, not by diet change |
| DG-258 | Long-range market forecasts | Alternative proteins 10% of meat by 2025 (GLB-45), USD 140 billion by 2029 (GLB-44), USD 162 billion plant-based by 2030 (GLB-43), 11% of protein by 2035 (GLB-42) | Global plant-based meat and seafood retail USD 6.6 billion in 2025, about 0.5% of meat value (GLB-05) | Do not use these forecasts as base cases; label Part III scenarios as exploratory and anchor them on observed ceilings |
Cross-stream (1)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-259 | GFI APAC survey: Vietnam sample frame | Online panel in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City (CONSUMER stream, from chart images and CON-03) | Ho Chi Minh City as the Vietnam sample (NOVEL stream, from the press release and NOV-36) | Faunalytics describes the frame as capital-city regions plus Ho Chi Minh City; we describe the Vietnam sample as the Hanoi region and Ho Chi Minh City (Medium). |
Actor check and expansion waves, v0.4 (93)
Public meals (wave 7) (7)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-260 | Is there an animal-share target in school meals? | Part III: school meals are guided by a target to raise animal protein above 40% of protein (Decision 1340/QĐ-TTg) [CHN-33] | Actor check: current guidance (Decision 3958/QĐ-BYT) has no animal share [AIB-39; APR-04] | Both partly right: national guidance has no animal share and the 1340 targets ended in 2020, but the MOET, Ajinomoto and NIN menu software prints an animal-protein standard of at least 48%, which 9 of 25 published days miss [PMR-26] |
| DG-261 | Content of Decision 973/QĐ-TTg | Press: the programme scales a MOET, NIN and TH Group model with 400 standard menus and one carton of fresh milk a day [AFN-45] | Decision text: scale up the school meal model with menus meeting the preschool programme and MOH guidance; no company, menu count or milk named [PMR-01] | Attribute the menu count and milk to the press report, not to the decision |
| DG-262 | Date of Hanoi Resolution 84/2026/NQ-HĐND | Bo De ward Notice 979/TB-UBND: 9 July 2025 [PMR-05] | Ngoc Lam school Notice 04/TB-THNL: 15 July 2026 [PMR-06] | Use 2026 (the number series and the school year point to 2026); the day is uncertain |
| DG-263 | Year of MOET Decision 2195/QĐ-BGDĐT | Ngoc Lam school notice: 10 August 2025 [PMR-06] | Legal database: 10 August 2022 [PMR-03] | Use 2022 |
| DG-264 | Share of daily energy in a primary school lunch | Decision 3958/QĐ-BYT: 30 to 40% [AIB-39]; menu software 532.5 to 710 kcal [PMR-26] | Hai Phong school tender: 35 to 40%, 560 to 720 kcal [PMR-07] | Report both; local tenders can be tighter than national guidance |
| DG-265 | Union shift-meal floors (Conclusion 03/KL-TLĐ) | VND 20,000 (self-organised) or 25,000 (hired caterer) in regions I and II; VND 18,000 or 22,000 in regions III and IV [AIB-43] | Re-read of the same page: VND 20,000 and above (regions I and II) and VND 18,000 and above (regions III and IV) [AIB-43, re-read] | Keep the 20,000 and 18,000 floors as confirmed; treat the hired-caterer floors as unconfirmed |
| DG-266 | Protein in pangasius fillet | Part III ladder: 15 g per 100 g (literature on commercial fillets) [DIE-13; DIE-14] | Decision 3958 food table: 9.7 g per 100 g [AIB-39] | Report both; menu software built on the lower value shows low protein and low animal share on fish days |
Fiscal and tariff rules (wave 7) (6)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-267 | Duty on Chinese protein ingredients (2106.10, 3504, 1109) | Part III ch16.2, app-d5 row 1, BSG-001 and TPP-01: MFN duties of 5%, 3% and 10% apply, "so domestic makers get little protection" (REG2-20; REG2-23) | MOIT VNTR schedules: 0% under ACFTA and RCEP-China in every year 2024 to 2027, and 0% under ATIGA and AKFTA (FTR-32; FTR-33) | Claim B for Chinese, ASEAN and Korean origin with a certificate of origin; claim A only for non-FTA origins such as the United States |
| DG-268 | Duty on imported single-cell protein (2102.20) | app-s9 S9.18 and app-s6: about 7%, "a small edge for local SCP producers over imported SCP" (REG2-23) | VNTR: 0% under ACFTA, ATIGA and RCEP (FTR-32) | Claim B for Chinese and ASEAN product |
| DG-269 | Where the excise exclusions for milk, juices and water come from | APR-19 (Tuoi Tre): the law excludes milk and dairy products, liquid nutrition foods, mineral water and juices | FTR-01 and FTR-02: the law and decree state only the TCVN reference and the 5 g threshold; the exclusions are the scope of TCVN 12828:2019 (FTR-05; APR-22) | Claim B |
| DG-270 | Status of sweetened soy milk under the excise | Plain reading: soy milk fits the TCVN 12828:2019 definition, is not "milk" under TCVN 11216:2015, and is declared and classified as a non-alcoholic beverage, so it is taxable above 5 g (FTR-05; FTR-07; FTR-08; FTR-17; FTR-32) | Soy milk has its own national standard (TCVN 12443:2018) drafted by the nutrition committee, and fortified variants are declared as supplemented food, which could support the "liquid food for nutritional purposes" exclusion (FTR-06; FTR-20) | Unresolved; we treat it as a probable tax and a risk, not a fact |
| DG-271 | MFN rates in VNTR versus the decrees | VNTR MFN column: almonds 0802.12.90 at 10%; 2304.00.29 and 2304.00.90 at 2% (FTR-32) | Decree 73/2025/ND-CP: almonds 5% and soybean meal 0% from 31 March 2025 (REG2-21) | Claim B (decree text) |
| DG-272 | Carbohydrate of Fami Nguyên Chất Ít Đường | Retail audit SKU-146: 6.5 g per 100 ml carbohydrate (FORM-01) | Label in self-declaration 08NS/QNS/2025: carbohydrate 6.7 g, total sugar 6.5 g (FTR-17) | Claim B (label) |
Funder units and fit (wave 7) (7)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-273 | Emission intensity of meat: boundary | GLEAM life-cycle intensities for E and SE Asia (2005): pork 6.15, broilers 5.18, mixed beef 54.5 kg CO2e per kg carcass (FUF-04; FUF-05) | FAOSTAT farm-gate intensities for Viet Nam (2023): pig 1.62, chicken 0.90, cattle 40.0, buffalo 65.0 kg CO2e per kg meat (FUF-10) | GLEAM used: funders compare life-cycle footprints, and feed is most of the pork and poultry footprint. FAOSTAT kept as a boundary check. |
| DG-274 | Emission intensity of meat: carcass or protein basis | GLEAM per kg carcass with the package's 0.15 kg protein per kg carcass gives about 9.9 kg CO2e per kg carcass for the 2035 mix (FUF-04; FUF-05; DMA-001) | Poore and Nemecek global means per kg protein (pig 76, poultry 57, beef herd 499) give about 1.6 times more for the same displaced protein (FUF-07) | GLEAM on the package's carcass basis is the central value; Poore and Nemecek sets the high bound. |
| DG-275 | Emission intensity of meat: regional or global literature | GLEAM regional values for E and SE Asia, higher because of lower productivity and soy land-use change (FUF-04; FUF-05) | Heller et al. apply global LCA-literature averages to Vietnam: beef 33 kg CO2e per kg boneless, 6 times pork and 9.8 times poultry; regional factors raise diet totals by 14 to 22% (FUF-06) | Regional GLEAM values used; they model the production systems Vietnam has. |
| DG-276 | Animals spared per institutional meal | ACE's estimate for Sinergia Animal (Argentina, Colombia, Indonesia, 2023): 134,000 animals for 998,000 meals, about 0.134 animals per meal (AFN-26) | Our Vietnamese estimate: about 0.020 animals per meal at the national meat mix, 0.0016 for a pork dish and 0.055 for a chicken dish (our calculation, FUF-03) | Both kept. ACE's rate should not be applied to Vietnam; the gap comes from Vietnam's pork-heavy mix and probably from fish and species weighting in ACE's expert estimate. |
| DG-277 | Poultry carcass basis | Package balance model: 1,821 kt poultry carcass produced in 2025 (NSO live weight x 0.70), implying about 2.2 kg per bird on FAOSTAT head counts (BLA-031) | FAOSTAT 2024: chicken plus duck meat 1,424 kt, 1.83 kg per chicken (FUF-03) | FAOSTAT per-bird yields used with their 2022 to 2024 range (1.83 to 2.36 kg); flagged for the balance model. |
| DG-278 | Is textured soy 'innovative protein' for market-shaping funders? | The funder actor paper reads Nova Vista's procurement lever as a possible route for domestic textured protein (AFN-Q04) | Nova Vista's RFP defines innovative proteins as 'primarily plant-based meat, fermentation-derived protein, and cultivated meat' and excludes whole-food plant-based work (AFN-05) | Classed partial: textured soy is a plant-based meat ingredient but not named; only the funder can settle it (open question). |
| DG-279 | Footprint of the replacing protein | Feed-grade soy protein concentrate 0.61 to 0.85 kg CO2e per kg, about 0.9 to 1.3 per kg protein (FUF-08, preprint) | Tofu 19.75 kg CO2e per kg protein; other pulses 8.36 (FUF-07) | Other pulses used as a labelled central proxy; the range spans both. |
Commitments and competitors (wave 7) (7)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-280 | Share of Asia Protein Buyers 100 companies offering plant-protein products | APB 100 report (February 2026): 48 of 100 companies provide plant-protein products, up from 33% in the prior edition (AFN-18) | ARE Protein Transition page: '33% of companies now offer some form of a plant-protein' (AFN-19) | 48 of 100 (2026 report) |
| DG-281 | Number of CP Meat Zero SKUs listed on Kamereo | Seven SKUs (AIS-25) | Eight SKUs: minced 220 g and 1 kg, roast 200 g and 1 kg, bologna 90 g and 500 g, spicy bologna 90 g and 500 g (CPC-12; CPC-13) | Eight |
| DG-282 | Sodexo's plant-based or low-carbon menu target | US page: '33% of our planned menu offerings plant-based' by 2025, scope not stated (AIB-38) | Group Integrated Report FY2025: 70% of main dishes labelled low-carbon by 2030, no plant-based share target (CPC-08) | Use the group report for the global commitment; neither applies to Vietnam, where Sodexo's operation is unconfirmed |
| DG-283 | IHG plant-based menu target | Lever Foundation via Green Queen: IHG Greater China 30% plant-based menus by 2025 (AFN-38) | IHG Responsible Business Report 2024 states no plant-based target (CPC-04) | Treat as a regional target reported by a third party, not confirmed by IHG; outside Vietnam in any case |
| DG-284 | Size of Saigon Co.op's private-label range | More than 2,500 private-label SKUs (AIB-28) | 1,665 product URLs in Co.op Online's private-label collection (CPC-16) | More than 2,500 for the programme |
| DG-285 | Protein content of tofu used for conversions | Kamereo's generic tofu table: 8 g per 100 g (CPC-12) | Food composition table: 10.9 g (DIE-12); shelf labels 3.8 to 9.3 g (FORM-01) | Label value where the same SKU was audited; otherwise FCT 10.9 g with the 8 g result shown in notes |
| DG-286 | Meat Zero minced price per kg by pack size | 1 kg pack: VND 244,000 per kg (CPC-12) | 220 g pack: VND 177,277 per kg (CPC-12) | Report both as a range (VND 175,000 to 378,000 per kg across SKUs) |
Textured protein economics (wave 7) (9)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-287 | Extrusion equipment cost for a 1 t/h line | Supply chapters (app-s12 S12.16, plays.csv T1): equipment USD 1.5 to 4.0 M, an assumption with no verified quote | Chinese marketplace listings: USD 11,000 to 100,000 per set for 0.5 to 1.5 t/h dry TVP lines with dryer (TIC-02; TIC-03; TIC-07; TIC-10) | Use a Chinese-equipped installed capex of USD 0.28 to 1.38 M (our build-up) as the base case and keep USD 2.0 to 5.6 M for a European-grade line as a sensitivity; do not average |
| DG-288 | Output of a 1 t/h line | app-s12 S12.16 and ch09.4: 3,000 t a year on one 1 t/h line | ch18.6: each 1 t/h line needs about 7,000 t a year | State hours: 3,000 t is 37.5% of 8,000 h; 7,000 t is about 88%; use 4,000 to 7,200 t (50 to 90%) |
| DG-289 | TPP-01 price per kg of protein | TPP-01: USD 1.24 per kg FOB plus freight and 5% duty is about USD 1.9 per kg of protein | Arithmetic: 1.24 / 0.65 = 1.91 is the FOB value only; landed 1.29 to 1.38 per kg at the 0% duty that applies (1.35 to 1.44 at 5%) gives 1.98 to 2.12 per kg of protein at 65% (2.34 to 2.50 at 55%) | Correct TPP-01 to the landed range |
| DG-290 | Price of food-grade defatted soy flour | Supply chapters: USD 550 per t (soybean meal USD 404 plus about USD 150 food premium) | UN Comtrade 2025: China soybean meal to Vietnam USD 604 per t FOB (grade unknown); India and Netherlands soy flour USD 783 to 896 per t FOB (TIC-12; TIC-13) | Use USD 627 to 925 per t delivered; the supply chapters' low end looks low |
| DG-291 | Freight margin from mirror data | Gluten 2023: Vietnam CIF import value from China is 1.03 times China FOB export value | HS 2106.10 2023: Vietnam CIF value from China is 0.72 times China FOB value | Do not infer freight from 2106.10 mirror data; assume 3 to 8% freight and insurance |
| DG-292 | Growth of the imports T1 would replace | ch25.3: plant-protein imports from China nearly tripled (18,375 t in 2019 to 53,976 t in 2025, three HS codes) | China-origin HS 2106.10 grew from 6,615 t to 10,201 t (54%); the tripling is mostly HS 3504 at about USD 1 per kg, likely feed | Cite 2106.10 growth for T1; keep the three-code figure for the whole ingredient pool |
| DG-293 | Pool a soy extrusion line can serve | ch18.2 R1: about 40,000 t of food plant-protein ingredient imports (2106.10, 3504 and 1109) | Textured-type 2106.10 from China, India and Serbia: 12,832 t in 2025 (all uses); gluten and isolates need other plants | Size T1 on about 12,800 t; keep 40,000 t for route R1 as a whole |
| DG-294 | Location of the freeze-alignment TEA | app-s12 S12.11: plant-based meat by freeze alignment (Thailand) | Publisher page: 100 t a year plant modelled with Japanese wages; TCI USD 1.76 to 2.48 M; minimum selling price USD 1.18 per 100 g | Treat it as a Japanese-site model; not comparable with extrusion |
| DG-295 | Processing spread of textured protein over flour | China 2025: textured protein USD 1,237 per t against soybean meal USD 604 per t to Vietnam, a spread of about USD 630 (TIC-12) | India 2025: textured protein to Vietnam USD 980 per t against soy flour exports at USD 783 to 802 per t, a spread of about USD 180 to 200 (BUY-02; TIC-13) | Unresolved; the grades probably differ; the Chinese spread is the one a Vietnamese line competes inside |
Base rates (wave 7) (6)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-296 | Viet Nam DQQ fieldwork dates | dietquality.org country page and APR-36 notes: 13 Dec 2021 to 12 Jan 2022 | DQQ data file and Gallup methods table: 13 Nov to 12 Dec 2021 (BRD-03; BRD-04) | 13 Nov to 12 Dec 2021 |
| DG-297 | Chay-day and vegetarian prevalence | About 10% of Vietnamese are vegetarian (CHY-15, rejected in ch12.1); 10% eat only plant-based food (Rakuten online panel, CHY-02) | 7.9% (5.3 to 11.0%) of adults ate no meat, poultry or fish on the previous day in a national probability sample (APR-36) | DQQ; the 10% claims are not credible as behaviour |
| DG-298 | Whether any probability survey asks about diet | DMA-024 note: no probability survey asks about diet | The DQQ (Gallup World Poll, probability sample) asks previous-day food groups in Viet Nam (BRD-03) | No probability survey asks about chay; one asks about diet |
| DG-299 | HS 3504 imports from China, Oct to Dec 2023 | China reports exports to Viet Nam of USD 7.42 million (6,283 t) under 3504 (BRD-05) | Viet Nam reports imports from China under 3504 of USD 2.83 million (BRD-06) | Both are records of different declarations; use China-reported tonnage with a food-share caveat |
| DG-300 | Part III advice to founders | Win a first business customer before building a consumer brand (front-exec-summary; ch25.6) | Firm outcomes: no-brand B2B or OEM firms operating 2 of 6; restaurant-first brands 5 of 12; shop-first brands 4 of 5 (data_firm_base_rates.csv) | Keep the direction, reword the advice, label the ingredient route untested |
| DG-301 | Growthwell funding | Trade-press headlines: USD 8 million (2020) and USD 22 million Series A (2021) (BRD-11) | No company figure retrieved | Record headline amounts, Low |
Labels and standards (wave 8) (6)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-302 | Status of Decree 43/2017/ND-CP on goods labels | Thư Viện Pháp Luật search listing shows Decree 43/2017 as in force (still cited as the label decree in package app-s9 S9.7) [LBL-06; REG-26] | Customs letter 11816/CHQ-GSQL (12 Feb 2026) states that Decree 37/2026/ND-CP replaces Decree 43/2017 and Decree 111/2021; Circular 30/2026/TT-BYT cross-refers to Decree 37/2026 Art 49 [LBL-08; LBL-02] | Decree 37/2026 is the current label decree; the rules cited here carry over (exact-phrase matches, LBL-09) |
| DG-303 | Nutrition-label circular in force | Package app-s9 S9.7 and instruments list cite Circular 29/2023/TT-BYT [REG-17] | Circular 30/2026/TT-BYT replaced it from 10 Jul 2026 [LBL-02] | Circular 30/2026 applies; core duties unchanged |
| DG-304 | Label terms covered by TCVN 13625:2023 | First extract lists sản phẩm chay, sản phẩm thuần chay, phù hợp cho người ăn chay and phù hợp cho người ăn thuần chay [LBL-15] | Second extract lists only the phù hợp cho forms [LBL-15]; VietQ article lists sản phẩm chay among the terms [CHY-57] | Treat sản phẩm chay as covered (two of three reads) |
| DG-305 | Meaning of chay | TCVN 13625:2023 vegetarian allows egg, milk and honey [LBL-15] | Buddhist strict chay avoids egg and, for precept holders, the five pungent plants; strict buyers need egg-free and allium-free products [CHY-52; ch12.4] | Two meanings exist; use the TCVN 13625 vegan criteria as the test for an unqualified chay claim and require a qualifier where egg or milk is used |
| DG-306 | Reach of the GMO label for precision-fermented proteins | Package ch14.2: purified precision-fermented proteins probably count as GMO products and their likely buyers face a clash with non-GMO brand promises [REG-18; NOV-62] | Decree 15/2018 Art 10 and Joint Circular 45/2015 Art 1 apply the label only above 5% of ingredients and not where gene and gene product are undetectable; lactoferrin is 0.08% of a formula [REG-02; LBL-10; LBL-25] | Follow the rule text: the mandatory label reaches high-inclusion uses only; the clash is with voluntary claims |
| DG-307 | Date of the VietQ article on TCVN 13625 (CHY-57) | Package sources give 2023 or 2024 (date field 2024) [CHY-57] | The page read on 25 Sep 2026 shows 24/06/2026 [CHY-57] | Keep the package date; the page date may be an update date |
Feed buyers (wave 8) (6)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-308 | Number of Vietnamese feed mills in the ASC programme | VASEP report of 22 Sep 2026: 20 mills in the programme, 13 certified (EXP-32) | ASC Find a Feed Mill register queried 25 Sep 2026: 23 records, 15 certified, 6 in initial audit, 1 not awarded, 1 incomplete (FBA-04) | Use the register, with its date; the difference is probably timing (Viet Uc and Proconco certified in July and August 2026, Nam Viet in August) or counting method |
| DG-309 | Tonnage of Vietnam's HS 2102.20 imports | Vietnam-reported 2023: USD 9.65 million, 1,934 t (net weight flagged as estimated by Comtrade) (FBA-18) | Partner-reported 2023: USD 10.44 million, 9,605 t (FBA-17) | Use partner-reported tonnage; Vietnam-reported weights are imputed with one unit value for all partners; report both values |
| DG-310 | Price of fishmeal to Vietnamese mills | World Bank Peru 65% protein, CIF: USD 1,706 per t (2025), 2,500 per t (August 2026) (FM-01) | Partner-reported FOB exports to Vietnam, all grades: USD 1,163 per t (2025), 1,622 per t (January to July 2026, partial) (FBA-20) | Keep the World Bank series as the international benchmark and add the mirror series as what Vietnam pays; do not average |
| DG-311 | Largest shrimp-feed maker in Vietnam | Package: Sheng Long (Haid) is the largest shrimp feed maker (650,000 t a year complex) (FAC-054; IND-46) | Grobest 2024 report: "retained market leadership in Vietnam" (FBA-13) | Neither verified; keep the package view on capacity and record Grobest's claim as a company statement |
| DG-312 | Whether Cargill still makes aquafeed in Vietnam | Package: Cargill exited aquafeed in May 2025, closing its Dong Thap and Long An aquafeed plants (FAC-058; IND-47, Low) | Cargill Vietnam website (25 Sep 2026) lists aquatic feed among its solutions (FBA-16) | Keep the exit as Low confidence; the website may be generic; ask Cargill |
| DG-313 | Which ASC Feed Standard text ch17 relies on | ch17.5 cites the v1.1 text (EXP-29, May 2025) | ASC states v1.1 never took effect and v1.2 (19 Dec 2025) has been mandatory since 2 Feb 2026 (EXP-30; FBA-01) | Cite v1.2; the cut-off date and GHG rules are unchanged, and v1.2 adds the eligible-volume rule for soy and palm and a medium-risk exception to 2 Feb 2029 |
Export buyers (wave 8) (6)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-314 | Vietnam's stuffed-pasta exports to Australia | Vietnam-reported exports to Australia: USD 27.9 million, 6,542 t (2023) (XBA-29) | Australia-reported imports from Vietnam: USD 12.2 million, 2,062 t (2024) and USD 10.6 million (2025) (XBA-28) | Use partner-reported figures for destination flows and Vietnam-reported figures for totals |
| DG-315 | Aldi Sud's 56.4% plant-based figure | ALDI SUD group page (as summarised): plant-based products are 56.4% of the product range (XBA-15) | Questionmark: 56.4% plant-based food in total sales volume by the WWF method (XBA-12) | Sales volume (WWF method), as Questionmark cites the method |
| DG-316 | Two protein-split metrics in the Netherlands | Lidl NL, Eiweet or Protein Tracker method: 43.1% plant (2024) (XBA-02) | Lidl NL, WWF method, protein-rich foods excluding dairy: 25.84% plant (2024) (XBA-02) | Report both with their method; never compare shares across methods |
| DG-317 | Albert Heijn and Ahold Delhaize targets | Albert Heijn: 60% plant protein by 2030 (Protein Tracker, about 78% of volume) (XBA-13) | Ahold Delhaize European brands: at least 50% plant-based food sales by 2030; 45% reached in 2025 (XBA-01) | Both stand; they differ in scope (one brand against all European brands) and method |
| DG-318 | Where Europe-bound Vietnamese wrapped foods come from | Package ch17.6 and TPP-08: EU and UK retailers' private label through Vietnamese co-packers is the best-evidenced route (package) | Supplier lists: Lidl's 751 food suppliers and Lidl GB's 390 national suppliers are all in Europe or elsewhere outside Asia; Asian products arrive through EU importers; Vietnam-origin items found on UK shelves are sold under brands owned by others (XBA-06; XBA-07; XBA-26) | The route exists but is intermediated: the first buyer is the importer or brand owner, not the retailer |
| DG-319 | CJ's use of Vietnam to supply Western retail | CJ (2022): the Kizuna plant exports dumplings and rolls to the EU and Australia and is ready to list in their retail channels (XBA-20) | CJ (2024): a Hungarian plant will supply bibigo dumplings to Europe from H2 2026; bibigo vegetable dumplings at Coles are made in Australia (XBA-23; XBA-25) | Vietnam's role in CJ's Western supply is partial and may shrink for Europe (inferred) |
Nutrition quality (wave 8) (6)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-320 | DIAAS of tofu | 63.7 plus or minus 11.7 on the 0.5 to 3 year pattern, in vivo, two datasets; PDCAAS 78.9 (NQR-05) | 98 on the older-child pattern and 84 on the young-child pattern, in vitro INFOGEST (NQR-09) | Use both ends (64 to 98) for cost adjustment and do not average; the older-child value applies to schoolchildren but rests on an in vitro method |
| DG-321 | Protein in hen eggs | 12.96 g per 100 g (Decision 3958 Appendix 7, APR-04) | 14.8 g per 100 g (FCT 2007 code 9001, DIE-12; used in the package price ladder) | Use 12.96 g for zinc per gram of protein (the value menu software uses) and keep the package price ladder unchanged |
| DG-322 | Protein a school lunch should supply, age 6 to 7 | 15.3 to 31.4 g: 30 to 40% of 1,570 kcal at 13 to 20% of energy from protein (Decision 3958 rule, APR-04; our calculation) | 9.6 to 12.8 g: 30 to 40% of the 32 g a day in the NIN 2026 lookup (NQR-01) | Use the RNI share for adequacy and note that the energy-share rule makes software menus protein-heavy |
| DG-323 | School feeding and height | A soybean school meal added 0.5 cm in 8 months in Bangladesh (NQR-27); school milk improved height-for-age in rural Vietnam (NQR-25) | Daily milk and egg for two years did not change height in rural China (NQR-26) | Treat height gains at school age as small and uncertain; the stronger designs show none |
| DG-324 | Mung bean protein quality | Pig DIAAS 86 (SCI-41) | Human ileal digestibility in children about 20% lower (SCI-42) | Use 69 to 86 (our calculation for the low end) |
| DG-325 | Zinc and iron values in the 2026 recommended intakes | Decision 3958 cites the 2016 RNI for zinc and iron by age (APR-04) | The NIN online lookup, updated in March 2026 after Decision 116/QD-VDD, shows identical zinc and iron values (NQR-01) | Treat the values as current until Decision 116 is read |
E-commerce (wave 8) (4)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-326 | Size and growth of food e-commerce | About 1% of food retail value in 2024, growing 29% (Euromonitor via USDA, CHN-01) | Grocery and food on four marketplaces VND 19.55 trillion in H1 2026, up 151% on H1 2025; about 2.7% of the 2024 food retail base if doubled for the year (ECR-02; our calculation) | Both stand: different years and scopes. Use CHN-01 for 2024 and Metric for 2026, with the caveat that Metric does not publish its category definition or method |
| DG-327 | Whether protein content now sells plant milk | Rising searches for high-protein nut milk and Vinamilk's Sua Hat Cao Dam are the first sign that protein content sells in this aisle (ch13; CON-37; BUY-16) | On Kamereo the protein-claimed GoldSoy Giau Dam soy milk sold 2,609 units against 5,758 and 5,828 for unclaimed unsweetened soy milks priced higher (ECR-06) | Keep the ch13 statement for consumer search and one product; add that the kitchen channel does not show it |
| DG-328 | Weight of Kamereo loose white tofu | Piece weight not stated, so no price per kg (wave 7, CPC-12) | The product description gives Size: 70 g per piece (ECR-06) | Use 70 g: VND 84,857 per kg and about VND 77,900 per 100 g of protein on the FCT value (our calculation) |
| DG-329 | Retail price of Orgain Organic Protein 920 g | VND 1,385,900 at a premium store in Thao Dien (FORM-01, P171) | VND 1,150,000 at WheyShop (ECR-08) | Both are real shelf prices; the premium-store figure is the top of the range |
Hybrid economics (wave 8) (5)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-330 | Price benchmark for a meat extender | TPP-03 and ch14.4: the extender only has to cost the processor less than the lean meat it replaces | TPP-06, ch16.7 and ch16.8: price fungal biomass against egg white and dairy proteins, never against soy | Both are partly right, for different jobs. Lean is a ceiling that never binds. The binder job (1 to 3% of recipe) is priced against egg and milk protein; the extension job (10 to 30% of lean) against hydrated soy, about USD 2.5 to 2.7 per kg of protein |
| DG-331 | How much meat a plant or fungal protein can replace | TPP-03: 20 to 30% replacement, up to 50%; Singapore blind test: chicken mince with 30 to 50% plant protein beat 100% chicken (NOV-37; NOV-40) | US frankfurter and sausage study: practical lean replacement below 30% (HXE-04); UK hybrids above 30% often failed (HXE-09; HXE-12); soy lowered acceptance of emulsified pork meatballs (HXE-08) | For pork products: 10 to 20% in fine emulsions, up to 30% in coarse mince; 50% supported only in one coarse chicken mince test |
| DG-332 | What a processor pays for lean pork | TPP-03 uses retail lean at about VND 132,000 per kg (COST-39) | Carcass-equivalent floor of 1.38 times live (about VND 81,000 at September 2026 prices); processors buy trimmings, not retail trays | Model processor lean at 1.8 times live (about VND 105,000 at September 2026 prices), with 1.5 and 2.2 as bounds |
| DG-333 | Where soy sits in Vissan lines | ch14.4 and ch16.3: added proteins sit mostly in value lines and cut meat cost | Label prices: soy appears in the DHA nutrition sausage that has more lean (58% against 55%) and a higher price; the cheapest gio lua (VND 124,200 per kg) lists chicken and starch, not soy | Soy is used for binding and protein in value and nutrition lines; the cheapest lines cut cost mainly with chicken, skin, starch and water |
| DG-334 | Whether extension is a hedge against pork price swings | brief-manufacturers and ch11: an extender hedges pork price swings | Model: 20% extension removes about a sixth of a recipe exposure to the 2019 to 2020 pork shock; the saving exists at every price | Treat extension as a standing cost saving; the hedge effect is small |
Fillers and trust (wave 9) (5)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-335 | How often meat is found in Vietnamese chay | Can Tho University kit paper: there have been many cases of meat detected in vegetarian foods through process failure or mixing [CHY-61] | Press and enforcement record 2015 to 2026: no confirmed case; one 2021 seizure on suspicion with no published result [TRU-18; TRU-22; LBL-23; LBL-24] | Frequency is unmeasured; treat fake chay as a latent rumour and screen for it cheaply within DMV-07 |
| DG-336 | Whether soy protein is a positive or a negative | Health media and suppliers: soy is 'boneless meat', 25 g a day recommended, a functional meat ingredient [TRU-22; TRU-23; TRU-28] | Artisan sellers: 'no soy protein filler' as a quality claim [TRU-27] | Both hold in different contexts: soy is positive as a food and neutral when listed in industrial sausages; negative when hidden, cost-driven or in products sold on purity |
| DG-337 | Taiwanese fake-chay figures relayed in Vietnam | VietNamNet 2015: 70% (15 of 21) of Taiwanese imitation-meat samples contained animal products [TRU-01] | Same article: Taiwan FDA found labelled packs mostly compliant and 4 of 15 loose samples with pork or chicken [TRU-01] | Do not use either figure for Vietnam; they show only that the story circulated |
| DG-338 | First fine-emulsion format for the TPP-03 test | W8-L6: one fine emulsion, giò lụa or xúc xích, plus one coarse format | This line: industrial xúc xích, not giò lụa, because giò lụa's public quality test is the absence of starch and 2019 extension was read as cheating [TRU-02; TRU-03; TRU-27] | Xúc xích first; giò lụa only after a label test |
| DG-339 | Whether mixed-protein meat products carry a label penalty | Part III ch14.4: mixed-protein products from the largest processors sell at mass scale without a label penalty [BUY-05] | 2019: starch extension of market giò cost sellers customers and was called dishonest [TRU-03] | Both hold: the penalty falls on hidden cost-cutting in artisan channels, not on listed soy in branded lines |
Upland and canteen plates (wave 9) (5)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-340 | Do upland border-commune and boarding lunches lack animal food, creating a zinc gap? | W8-L4: border-commune lunches can afford protein but need zinc; a lunch with little animal protein doubles the zinc a kitchen must serve; TPP-11 targets Decree 339 kitchens [APR-09; APR-04] | This line: 0 of 124 upland lunches were animal-free; Decree 339 lunches at one border school bought 107 to 179 g of raw pork a pupil; weighed boarding diets in Yen Bai met zinc at 131 to 157% [UPL-04; UPL-01 to UPL-17; UPL-18] | Where menus are published, lunch zinc is met; the gap W8-L4 describes applies only to a dish that removes all meat, which kitchens do not serve. Keep W8-L4's zinc bands as the rule for any such product. |
| DG-341 | How much animal protein do poor upland children get? | Part III ch11.2: too little high-quality protein at very low cost in poor upland districts; stunting above 30% in the worst provinces [DIE-01; DIE-03] | Boarding school plates are meat-heavy: pork led 74% of lunches and dinners in 13 schools [UPL-01 to UPL-17] | Both can hold: ch11.2 concerns under-fives and home diets, which this line does not measure; boarders eat most weekday meals at school |
| DG-342 | Animals spared per canteen meal replaced | W7-L3: about 0.020 at the national dish mix; about 1,090 animals per tonne of protein [FUF-03] | Observed caterer menus: 0.015 (0.010 to 0.029); about 745 animals per tonne, because pork and beef take more and poultry less of the meat-led dishes [UPL-27 to UPL-32] | Give both as a range; sample menus are marketing and mostly southern |
| DG-343 | Are upland meals thin or rich? | Press and charity reports: rations cut at Hoang Thu Pho 1 (2022 to 2023); menus had two dishes before a VND 10,000 top-up; pupils skipped breakfast [UPL-24; UPL-25] | Published menus and cost sheets: two main dishes and meat at almost every lunch and dinner [UPL-01 to UPL-17] | Both: published menus describe the better-run schools and the plan; press describes failures and pre-2025 budgets. The Decree 66 increase (VND 936,000 a month) predates all coded weeks. |
| DG-344 | Which product is TPP-11? | W8-L4: zinc-fortified soy protein dish base for public meals | W8-L2: functional microbial feed ingredient for shrimp and pangasius | Renumber one of them when the package is edited; this line refers to W8-L4's profile |
Marketplaces (wave 9) (4)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-345 | Scale of plant milk against dairy milk | Kitchens: plant milks about 4.1% of milk litres on Kamereo; top plant SKU about 3% of the top dairy SKU (ECR-06) | Consumer marketplaces: top plant SKU 60% (Lazada) and 79% (Tiki) of the top dairy SKU by litres (MKT-03; MKT-05) | Both stand: different buyers. Households buy domestic nut and soy milks near dairy scale; cafes and restaurants buy dairy and a little imported oat |
| DG-346 | Plant against whey protein powder | Plant powders are 2 of 25 powders and 1.7% of counters at WheyShop (ECR-08) | On Lazada, 7 plant powder listings show 7,294 sales against 5,455 for 6 whey listings; the top plant listing is Vietnamese-made (MKT-03) | Both stand; neither is representative. WheyShop counters are shop-set; Lazada rows are built from targeted queries |
| DG-347 | Which soy milk brand leads online | Tiki: Vinasoy Fami leads (27,855 cases for one SKU; Vinamilk soy milks at most 558) (MKT-05) | Lazada: Vinamilk leads (14,800 cases of walnut soy milk; Vinasoy Store at most 1,600) (MKT-03) | Both stand: platform-specific distribution; Metric's Shopee data (ECR-01) give Vinamilk 53.6% of liquid milk |
| DG-348 | Whether e-commerce is only an incumbents' channel | Wave 8: official brand stores take 84.7% of liquid-milk sales on Shopee, so e-commerce is an incumbents' channel, not a cheap launch route for a new brand (ECR-01; W8-L5) | On Lazada, 99% of dry chay piece sales and 81% of frozen and chilled chay sales in our rows go through small specialist shops without official badges (MKT-03) | Both stand: incumbents' channel for milks and processed meat; small-maker channel for chay dry goods |
Rules of origin (wave 9) (4)
| ID | Topic | Claim A | Claim B | Position taken |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DG-349 | Whether more than 10% imported textured soy breaks EU and UK origin for chay food preparations | Wave 8 L3 (reading of XBA-30): more than 10% by weight of imported 2106 material makes a 2106.90 product non-originating | EVFTA Protocol 1 Article 5(3)(a) (ORG-01) and the identical UK text: the tolerance is 10% of the weight of the product or ex-works price; on a value basis imported textured soy up to about 32 to 46% of weight passes (our calculation) | The text allows weight or value; we treat the weight limit as the conservative case and the value reading as likely but unconfirmed |
| DG-350 | Whether the recipe condition binds for UK buyers | Wave 8 L3: UKVFTA caps imported flour in dumplings at 20% and blocks chay preparations with more than 10% imported textured soy | UK Trade Tariff (ORG-03; ORG-04): Vietnamese goods can claim UK-CPTPP, which needs only a change of chapter for 1902 (0% duty) and a change of subheading for 2106.90 (1.6% in 2026) | For the UK the constraint is avoidable: at most a 1.6 point gap on chay preparations in 2026, none on dumplings |
| DG-351 | Wheat flour share in the Marks and Spencer prawn gyoza | Open Food Facts estimated ingredient share: wheat flour about 8% (model estimate) | Pack label: flour share not printed; tiger prawns 37% of the gyoza | We use only printed percentages; the estimate is not evidence |
| DG-352 | Unit value of Vietnamese stuffed pasta used to size the duty at stake | Viet Nam-reported FOB, world, 2023: USD 4.27 per kg (XBA-29, our calculation) | Partner-reported CIF, 2025: EU27 USD 5.87, Japan 6.09, Korea 7.25, UK 8.44 per kg (XBA-28, our calculation) | Give the range; not averaged |
Sources cited on this page
- MAC-01 USDA FAS GAIN. Vietnam: Grain and Feed Annual, report VM2026-0012. 15 Apr 2026
- MAC-06 Mardiana. Aquafeeds in 2025: Disrupted by tariffs. 30 Jun 2026
- MAC-15 NSO. Thuy san Viet Nam quy IV va ca nam 2025: Giu da tang truong, vuot thach thuc, huong toi phat trien ben vung. 8 Jan 2026
- MAC-12 VnEconomy. Chan nuoi Viet Nam 2025: Tang truong 4,5%, nguon cung Tet 2026 doi dao. 2025
- MAC-13 NSO. Bao cao tinh hinh kinh te - xa hoi quy IV va nam 2025. Jan 2026
- MAC-28 VietDVM. San luong thuc an chan nuoi nam 2024 dat 21,5 trieu tan, tang 3,4% so voi nam 2023. 2024
- FM-04 Mardiana. Aquafeeds in 2025: Disrupted by tariffs. 30 Jun 2026
- FM-02 World Bank commodity series via IndexMundi. Fishmeal, Peru Fish meal/pellets 65% protein, CIF, USD per metric ton. Jan 2020
- COST-27 World Bank Commodity Price Data via IndexMundi. Fishmeal, Peru 65%, CIF
- FM-01 World Bank. Commodity Price Data (The Pink Sheet). 2 Sep 2026
- MAC-41 Indian Journal of Fisheries 68. Chemoattractants: their essentiality and efficacy in shrimp aquaculture. 2021
- FM-33 Animals 13. Effects of dietary chenodeoxycholic acid supplementation in a low fishmeal diet containing Clostridium autoethanogenum protein on growth ... of Litopenaeus vannamei. 2023
- FM-34 Frontiers in Immunology. Supplemental effects of Haematococcus pluvialis in a low-fish meal diet for Litopenaeus vannamei at varying temperatures. 2024
- FM-10 Tap chi Thuy san Viet Nam. Nhieu doanh nghiep dong loat tang gia thuc an thuy san. 5 Jun 2026
- MAC-42 Da, C. T., Lundh, T., Lindberg, J. E. Growth performance, feed utilisation and biological indices of Tra catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) cultured in net cages in pond fed diets based on locally available feed resources. 2016
- FS-04 Ministry of Industry and Trade. Tận dụng phế thải công nghiệp chế biến tinh bột sắn tạo sản phẩm giá trị gia tăng cao. 24 March 2021
- FS-02 ASEAN Cassava Centre. Vietnam: Starch Production Information. 27 January 2023
- FS-07 Nông nghiệp và Môi trường. Ngành sắn vượt thách thức: [Bài 4] Ngã rẽ phát triển bền vững hay tụt hậu?. 12 October 2025
- FS-17 Bui, T.-A., Pham, V.-H., & Nguyen, T. P. Study of using cassava pulp to produce livestock feed pellet. 2018
- FS-18 Vongsamphanh, P., Napasirth, V., Inthapanya, S., & Preston, T. R. Cassava pulp as livestock feed; effects of storage in an open pit. 2014
- FS-20 Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences. Factors affecting the utilisation of cassava products for poultry feeding [Review]. 2021
- FS-16 Tuổi Trẻ. Biến bã khoai mì thành thức ăn chăn nuôi giá trị cao. 16 June 2005
- FS-05 Phommakod, S., Lueangwattanapong, K., Chaiprasert, P., & Songkasiri, W. Valorization of biomaterial side streams: Kinetics of cassava pulp and its components degradation by Clostridium manihotivorum CT4T. 2026
- FS-19 Phanthavong, V. et al. Fattening Yellow cattle on cassava root pulp, urea and rice straw. 2018
- FS-13 VnEconomy. Xuất khẩu sắn vượt 1 tỷ USD, nhưng thiếu tính bền vững. 18 November 2025
- FS-01 Dân Việt. Việt Nam đang là nhà cung cấp lớn nhất một thứ tinh bột cho Trung Quốc, năm 2025 bán được gần 3,7 triệu tấn. January 2026
- FS-08 Stockbiz. Sắn vào chu kỳ giá: [Bài cuối] Ethanol tạo động lực mới. 7 August 2026
- FS-09 Báo Chính phủ. Sản xuất ethanol cho xăng E10: Nhà máy chuyển đổi nguyên liệu, hướng tới 125% công suất. 4 August 2026
- FS-28 nutriNews. Vietnamese rice bran transforms into a multi-million-dollar export. 17 June 2025
- FS-42 biahoihanoi83. Cập nhật giá bán bã bia tươi tốt nhất cho hộ chăn nuôi bò, lợn. 19 March 2026
- FS-26 Tạp chí Công Thương. Giá lúa gạo hôm nay ngày 19/9/2026: Giá gạo Đài thơm giảm 500 đồng/kg. 19 September 2026
- FS-35 Tạp chí Công Thương. Đường Quảng Ngãi (QNS) với tham vọng khép kín chuỗi giá trị Mía - Đường - Điện sinh khối - Ethanol. 15 July 2024
- IND-19 Bao Chinh phu. Tai khoi dong nha may nhien lieu sinh hoc Dung Quat vao thang 11/2025. September 2025
- IND-18 Bao Tuyen Quang. Tai khoi dong cac nha may Ethanol phuc vu lo trinh xang sinh hoc. 26 March 2026
- IND-20 CafeF. Hoi sinh loat nha may ethanol nghin ty. 10 July 2026
- IND-22 Sugarcane Research Institute. Xang E10 tao cu hich cho ethanol, Duong Quang Ngai (QNS) don co hoi lon. 16 July 2026
- IND-47 VCCI WTO Center. Viet Nam ngay cang thu hut cac nha san xuat thuc an chan nuoi. 23 October 2023
- IND-43 Tepbac. Ban do FDI nganh thuy san Viet Nam: Ap dao tu cong nghe va von ngoai. 13 May 2026
- IND-48 Tuoi Tre. 'Vua' sua dau nanh thu ve 28 ti dong binh quan moi ngay. 27 February 2025
- IND-49 VnBusiness. Vinasoy khanh thanh nha may sua dau nanh thu 3 tai Binh Duong. December 2017
- IND-50 Thanh Nien. Vinasoy vao Top 5 cong ty sua dau nanh lon nhat the gioi. 18 December 2022
- IND-31 Tuoi Tre. Chinh thuc khoi cong nha may vac xin va sinh pham VNVC. 28 May 2025
- IND-32 Nguoi Quan sat. Viet Nam sap co nha may san xuat vac xin the he moi tri gia 2.500 ty dong. 9 July 2026
- IND-13 The Asia Business Daily. New Vietnam factory operational. 27 October 2020
- IND-11 Daesang Vietnam. About Daesang Vietnam (history, plants)
- IND-01 Vedan Vietnam Enterprise Corp. Vedan Vietnam, home page (plants, products, 700 m3 tanks). undated
- IND-66 Wikipedia. Provinces of Vietnam
- IND-27 Nha Dau tu. Carlsberg muon nang cong suat nha may bia o Hue len 600 trieu lit/nam. 2 February 2025
- IND-28 Thanh Nien. Gan 90 trieu USD mo rong nha may bia lon nhat chau A cua Carlsberg Viet Nam. 26 August 2025
- ECO-01 Entobel. Entobel Sets Industry Record with the Opening of the Largest Insect Protein Production Plant in Asia. 23 Nov 2023
- ECO-06 Hatchery International. Entobel opens Asia's largest insect protein plant in Vietnam. 2023
- ECO-03 Early Warning System database. CnC-Entobel (IFC-46903). 23 Feb 2023
- ECO-04 PetfoodIndustry. Insect protein company Entobel secures funding in Vietnam. 18 Apr 2023
- ECO-02 Mekong Capital investment page. Entobel. undated
- ECO-42 VnExpress. Vinasoy đầu tư 1.300 tỷ đồng nâng công suất nhà máy sữa đậu nành. 26 Aug 2015
- ECO-41 Tuổi Trẻ. 'Vua' sữa đậu nành thu về 28 tỉ đồng bình quân mỗi ngày. 27 Feb 2025
- ECO-17 Nhịp Cầu Đầu Tư. Thịt thực vật thị trường tỉ USD. 15 Jul 2022
- ECO-19 Doanh Nhân Trẻ Việt Nam. Thịt thực vật - xu hướng tiêu dùng của tương lai. 7 Jun 2022
- ECO-18 Nhịp Cầu Đầu Tư. Thị trường thịt thực vật: Tiềm năng ra sao?. 1 Mar 2024
- ECO-15 Jovel Chan. 12 Plant-based alternatives redefining what it means to be meat/dairy-free in Vietnam. 2022
- ECO-39 Thanh Niên. Công ty chế biến bột mì xả thải ra môi trường. 25 Dec 2020
- ECO-40 AltProtein Vietnam project file. Nha Trang field data: Lotte Mart + Co.opmart. 6 Sep 2026
- ECO-45 Báo Đầu Tư. Bộ sữa hạt TH true NUT chính thức được bán tại Việt Nam. Mar 2018
- VCO-10 Royal De Heus. De Heus expands aquaculture capabilities with new marine and cold-water fish feed mill. 22 Jul 2026
- VCO-07 Royal De Heus. Royal De Heus expands its Asian footprint with the acquisition of CJ Feed & Care. 1 Oct 2025
- VCO-08 Royal De Heus. De Heus successfully completes acquisition of CJ Feed & Care, marking a significant expansion in Asia. 3 Mar 2026
- VCO-03 Vedan International. Milestones. undated
- ECO-32 VISSAN homepage
- VCO-13 Vietstock Finance. VSN: Ho so doanh nghiep
- VCO-09 De Heus Vietnam. De Heus Vietnam, home page
- FORM-01 AltProtein Vietnam. AltProtein Vietnam retail field audit, Nha Trang 6 Sep 2026 and Ho Chi Minh City 16 and 20 Sep 2026, 186 SKUs, 11 stores. 6 to 20 Sep 2026
- FORM-38 Simple Foods. 137 Degrees Almond Milk Original
- FORM-33 Quang Ngai Sugar JSC (QNS) website
- FORM-19 AEON eShop, search. An Nhiên
- FORM-18 Chaysach.com. [150g] Gà viên chay An Nhiên
- FORM-22 CJ Foods Vietnam. Chả giò bánh rế chay đặc biệt
- FORM-02 World Bank WITS / UN Comtrade. Vietnam Protein concentrates and textured protein subst imports by country, 2023. 2023
- FORM-05 World Bank WITS / UN Comtrade. China Protein concentrates and textured protein subst exports by country, 2023. 2023
- FORM-03 World Bank WITS / UN Comtrade. Vietnam Wheat gluten imports by country, 2023. 2023
- FORM-07 World Bank WITS / UN Comtrade. China Wheat gluten exports by country, 2023. 2023
- FORM-09 USDA FAS GAIN. Oilseeds and Products Annual, Vietnam. 2025
- REG-17 Thư Viện Pháp Luật. Luật An toàn thực phẩm mới nhất 2026 và tổng hợp văn bản hướng dẫn. 15 Sep 2026
- REG-06 Báo Chính phủ. Tiếp tục áp dụng Nghị định 15/2018/NĐ-CP về an toàn thực phẩm cho đến khi có quy định mới (Resolution 15/2026/NQ-CP). 8 Apr 2026
- REG-07 Government. Nghị quyết 66.13/2026/NQ-CP về công bố, đăng ký sản phẩm thực phẩm. 27 Jan 2026
- REG-03 Government. Decree No. 46/2026/ND-CP detailing the Law on Food Safety. 26 Jan 2026
- REG-04 LuatVietnam. 6 điểm mới tại Nghị định 46/2026/NĐ-CP về quản lý an toàn thực phẩm. 2026
- REG-19 USDA FAS GAIN. Vietnam Updates Regulatory Framework for Agricultural Biotechnology (VM2026-0013). 23 Apr 2026
- REG-23 Thư Viện Pháp Luật. Thủ tục cấp giấy xác nhận sinh vật biến đổi gen đủ điều kiện sử dụng làm thực phẩm, thức ăn chăn nuôi từ 26/01/2026. 26/01/2026
- REG-20 ISAAA Crop Biotech Update. Vietnam Updates Regulatory Framework for Agricultural Biotechnology. 29 Apr 2026
- REG-18 Government. Nghị định 43/2026/NĐ-CP sửa đổi các Nghị định trong lĩnh vực bảo tồn thiên nhiên và đa dạng sinh học. 26 Jan 2026
- REG-35 Government. Nghị định 32/2026/NĐ-CP sửa đổi các Nghị định trong lĩnh vực chăn nuôi, thú y. 21 Jan 2026
- REG2-11 Government. Nghị định 43/2026/NĐ-CP (Art 37a added to Decree 69/2010; Art 5 definition). 26 Jan 2026
- REG2-12 MAE. Quyết định 375/QĐ-BNNMT năm 2026 công bố thủ tục hành chính mới, được sửa đổi, bổ sung, bị bãi bỏ (bảo tồn thiên nhiên và đa dạng sinh học). 29 Jan 2026
- REG2-02 National Assembly. Luật Thủy sản 2017 (18/2017/QH14). 21 Nov 2017
- REG2-01 MAE. Thông tư 16/2026/TT-BNNMT quản lý giống thủy sản, thức ăn thủy sản, sản phẩm xử lý môi trường nuôi trồng thủy sản. 9 Mar 2026
- REG-16 Ministry of Health. Tờ trình Chính phủ xây dựng Nghị quyết (MOH submission on food declaration mechanisms). 24 Jul 2025
- REG2-05 Báo Chính phủ. Những điểm mới theo 4 chính sách trong dự thảo Luật An toàn thực phẩm sửa đổi. 31 Jul 2026
- REG2-06 Báo Chính phủ. Sửa Luật An toàn thực phẩm: Đề cao trách nhiệm của cơ quan quản lý, doanh nghiệp kinh doanh thực phẩm. 30 Jul 2026
- REG2-21 Government. Nghị định 73/2025/NĐ-CP sửa đổi mức thuế suất thuế nhập khẩu ưu đãi của một số mặt hàng. 31 Mar 2025
- RD-13 Internal leads, not evidence. AltProtein Vietnam prior drafts (00-prior-leads.md; project doc fermentation-wave-1-pack.md)
- RD-31 Nguyen T.T.N. Influences of technological hydrolysis condition on nucleic acid content of spent brewer's yeast hydrolysate. 2018
- RD-61 Le T.H.Y. et al. Quality evaluation of Vietnam traditional soy sauce concerning nutritional composition and aflatoxin criteria. 2025
- RD-23 Vuong M.-D. et al. Functional characterization of protein from rice-based ethanol by-products for food industry use. 2025
- RD-59 Stadtlander T. et al. Partial replacement of fishmeal with duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) in feed for Eurasian perch and rainbow trout. 2023
- RD-03 GFI. Grants
- RD-08 Law on Science, Technology and Innovation No. 93/2025/QH15, thuvienphapluat.vn
- RD-01 scite.ai literature database. Appendix A). Bibliographic database of peer-reviewed and preprint records. Supports all bibliometric counts and paper-level findings.
- INF-15 Can Tho University. Danh mục ngành và chỉ tiêu tuyển sinh ĐHCQ. 2026
- INF-16 Tuyensinh247. Can Tho University admissions plan 2026. 2026
- INF-05 HCMC Biotechnology Center, technology transfer services list. undated
- INF-25 Hoa Lac Hi-Tech Park, zones page (zone areas; managing board address)
- SCI-15 Dolgin J et al. Engineered Vibrio natriegens lysate can replace multiple components of cell culture media. 2026
- SCI-14 Humbird D. Scale-up economics for cultured meat. 2021
- SCI-18 Karimi S et al. Evaluation of Filamentous Fungal Biomass Cultivated on Vinasse as an Alternative Nutrient Source of Fish Feed. 2019
- SCI-20 Coelho MOC et al. Ingestion of a Nucleotide-Rich Mixed Meal Increases Serum Uric Acid. 2020
- SCI-21 D'Almeida AP, de Albuquerque TL. Is It Possible to Produce Meat Without Animals?. 2025
- SCI-28 EFSA NDA Panel. Safety of Wolffia globosa powder as a Novel food. 2021
- SCI-31 Venkatachalam K et al. Wolffia globosa as an Emerging Plant-Based Protein Source. 2026
- SCI-36 Salian A et al. Lemnaceae as a poultry feed supplement: a review. 2026
- SCI-37 Pagliuso D et al. Duckweeds as Promising Food Feedstocks Globally. 2022
- SCI-41 Han F, Moughan PJ et al. DIAAS of Six Cooked Chinese Pulses. 2020
- SCI-42 Shivakumar N et al. Protein-quality evaluation of complementary foods in Indian children. 2019
- CAP-08 Entobel. Entobel Sets Industry Record with the Opening of the Largest Insect Protein Production Plant in Asia. 23 Nov 2023
- CAP-04 CnC-Entobel. 23 Feb 2023
- CAP-01 Mekong Capital. Mekong Enterprise Fund IV invested US$25 million in Entobel. 9 May 2022
- CAP-02 The Investor. Mekong Capital, Dragon Capital invest $30 mln in biotech firm Entobel. 10 May 2022
- CAP-07 Petfood Industry. Insect protein company Entobel secures funding in Vietnam. 18 Apr 2023
- CAP-03 Entobel Equity. 7 Jan 2022
- CAP-20 Do Ventures with NIC. Vietnam Innovation & Private Capital Report 2025. May 2025
- CAP-22 TNGlobal. Vietnam's private capital surges to $4.5B as PE hits record-high, IPO remains shut for technology. 29 May 2026
- CAP-25 Climate-tech sector sees surge in venture capital investment. 8 Dec 2025
- CAP-26 DealStreetAsia. Climate tech funding rises in Vietnam but structural challenges remain. 5 Dec 2025
- CAP-19 VnEconomy. Mot startup cong nghe nong nghiep Viet goi von thanh cong 70 trieu USD. 28 Feb 2025
- CAP-51 Alternative protein investment. Alternative protein investment, data page. 4 Aug 2026
- CAP-56 Farm Animal Welfare. Farm Animal Welfare, fund page
- CAP-57 Coefficient Giving. Request for Proposals: Alternative Protein R&D. 23 Jul 2026
- CAP-16 Bao Dau Tu. Dau tu vao start-up nuoc ngoai, Vinh Hoan huong den hai san, thit duoc nuoi cay tu te bao. 2021
- CAP-17 Nhip Cau Dau Tu. Viet Nam tham gia chuoi cung ung thuc pham nhan tao. 18 Aug 2021
- CAP-27 Tracxn. Startups in Vietnam: 2026 funding. March 2026
- CAP-28 mean.ceo blog. Startups in Vietnam News, September 2026. September 2026
- RGN-04 Singapore Food Agency. SFA list of approved novel foods. 14 Aug 2026
- RGN-29 Green Queen. Aleph Farms Secures Singapore Approval for Cultivated Beef, Targets 2027 Restaurant Launch. 4 Aug 2026
- RGN-30 FoodNavigator. Cultivated beef steak to hit Singapore food scene with historic approval. 4 Aug 2026
- RGN-31 Cultivated X. Singapore Clears Its First Cultivated Beef With Aleph Farms Approval. 4 Aug 2026
- RGN-32 Aleph Farms. Aleph Farms Submits First-Ever Application for Cultivated Meat in Thailand. 5 Dec 2024
- RGN-17 GFI India. Novel food regulations around the world. 4 Aug 2026
- RGN-01 Morton, J., Powell, D. (GFI APAC) and Day, T. (Hawkwood Biotech). Where to Build: site selection and competitiveness in APAC fermentation manufacturing. October 2025
- RGN-19 GFI APAC. State of Play: APAC. June 2025
- RGN-06 Green Queen. Singapore Food Agency Publishes List of Approved Novel Foods. 20 Apr 2026
- RGN-24 van der Kley, D. China Biomanufacturing Study Report. 31 Jul 2026
- RGN-25 GFI APAC. An Exclusive Look Inside China's 'New Proteins' Sector. 2025
- RGN-18 Wikipedia. Cultured meat
- RGN-20 GFI APAC. GFI APAC's 2025 Report Card + 6 Things to Watch in 2026. Jan 2026
- RGN-22 GFI APAC. How governments are supporting sustainable protein research in APAC. undated
- RGN-09 Green Queen. Singapore Food Security Plan Drops '30 By 30' Policy & Lab-Grown Meat. 6 Nov 2025
- FS-10 Báo Chính phủ. Từ ethanol đến xăng E10: Khi chuỗi nhiên liệu sinh học đi vào vận hành. 15 June 2026
- GT-10 MOIT. Thông tư 50/2025/TT-BCT quy định lộ trình áp dụng tỷ lệ phối trộn nhiên liệu sinh học với nhiên liệu truyền thống tại Việt Nam. 7 Nov 2025
- MAC-19 NSO. Press release: socio-economic situation in the fourth quarter and 2025. Jan 2026
- GT-15 World Bank. Commodity Price Data (The Pink Sheet). 2 Sep 2026
- QNT-10 Sillman, J., Uusitalo, V., Ruuskanen, V. and others. A life cycle environmental sustainability analysis of microbial protein production via power-to-food approaches. 2020
- QNT-11 Jean, A.B. and Brown, R.C.. Techno-economic analysis of gas fermentation for the production of single cell protein. 2024
- FTG-01 Fasihi, M., Jouzi, F., Tervasmaki, P., et al.. Global potential of sustainable single-cell protein based on variable renewable electricity. 2025
- QNT-01 OECD and FAO. OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2026-2035, data via the OECD SDMX API, dataflow OECD.TAD.ATM DSD_AGR@DF_OUTLOOK_2026_2035 version 1.1. June 2026
- MAC-14 NSO. Mot so net chinh tinh hinh kinh te - xa hoi quy IV va nam 2025. Jan 2026
- REG-54 Prime Minister. Quyết định 1520/QĐ-TTg 2020 chiến lược phát triển chăn nuôi 2021 to 2030. 6 Oct 2020
- QNT-07 USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. Oilseeds: World Markets and Trade. September 2026
- MAC-04 USDA FAS GAIN. Vietnam: Oilseeds and Products Annual, report VM2026-0006 (Nguyen Linh). 15 Apr 2026
- BIB-01 OpenAIRE AMKE. OpenAIRE Graph API v1, researchProducts endpoint
- HSC-01 OpenAlex works API, queried through the OpenAlex MCP connector (no personal identifiers sent). 2026-09-24
- NTS-15 Prime Minister. Quyết định 1177/QĐ-TTg điều chỉnh Quy hoạch sử dụng đất quốc gia 2021 to 2030, tầm nhìn 2050. 30 Jun 2026
- NTS-19 Politburo. Nghị quyết 70-NQ/TW về bảo đảm an ninh năng lượng quốc gia đến năm 2030, tầm nhìn 2045. 20 Aug 2025
- NTS-13 National Assembly. Nghị quyết 81/2023/QH15 về Quy hoạch tổng thể quốc gia 2021 to 2030, tầm nhìn 2050. 9 Jan 2023
- NTS-14 National Assembly. Nghị quyết 252/2025/QH15 sửa đổi Nghị quyết 81/2023/QH15. 10 Dec 2025
- GT-11 Prime Minister. Quyết định 768/QĐ-TTg năm 2025 phê duyệt Điều chỉnh Quy hoạch phát triển điện lực quốc gia thời kỳ 2021-2030, tầm nhìn đến năm 2050. 15 Apr 2025
- FTG-17 Tạp chí Năng lượng Việt Nam. Báo cáo tình hình thực hiện Chiến lược năng lượng hydrogen ở Việt Nam. 6 Mar 2025
- HUB-04 VnEconomy. Nhu cầu chưa có là 'nút thắt' phát triển năng lượng hydrogen xanh. 24 Jun 2025
- HUB-15 VASEP. Cà Mau: Sản lượng tôm đạt gần 600.000 tấn, vượt kế hoạch năm 2025. 13 Dec 2025
- HUB-17 VnExpress. C.P. Việt Nam mở rộng năng lực sản xuất thức ăn thủy sản. 14 Aug 2026
- NTS-08 Prime Minister. Quyết định 339/QĐ-TTg, Chiến lược phát triển thủy sản Việt Nam đến năm 2030, tầm nhìn 2045. 11 Mar 2021
- AQF-02 OECD and FAO. OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2026-2035, SDMX API, dataflow OECD.TAD.ATM DSD_AGR@DF_OUTLOOK_2026_2035 version 1.1. June 2026
- AQF-20 VnEconomy. Ngành đậu tương có nhiều 'nút thắt' cần tháo gỡ. 7 Nov 2024
- AQF-06 Leadbitter, D.. Driving change in South East Asian trawl fisheries, fishmeal supply, and aquafeed. 2019
- AQF-10 Khoa Thủy sản, Học viện Nông nghiệp Việt Nam (VNUA). Thực trạng và hướng phát triển bền vững nuôi cá biển. 21 Oct 2024
- AQF-05 Edwards, P., Le Anh Tuan and Allan, G.L.. A survey of marine trash fish and fish meal as aquaculture feed ingredients in Vietnam. 2004
- AQF-21 USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. Biotechnology and Other New Production Technologies Annual, Vietnam, VM2025-0045. 1 Dec 2025
- AQF-13 Người Lao Động (Tuổi Trẻ). Khánh Hòa công bố đề án thí điểm nuôi biển công nghệ cao. 7 Mar 2025
- NGF-01 Cuong, T.T., Le, H.A., Khai, N.M. and others. Renewable energy from biomass surplus resource: potential of power generation from rice straw in Vietnam. 2021
- HUB-27 Cuong, T.T., Le, H.A., Khai, N.M. et al.. Renewable energy from biomass surplus resource: potential of power generation from rice straw in Vietnam. 2021
- NGF-09 Benova, D., Mares, K., Hutla, P. and others. Energy Potential of Agri Residual Biomass in Southeast Asia with the Focus on Vietnam. 2021
- NGF-06 Chen, X., Shekiro, J., Pschorn, T. and others. Techno-economic analysis of the deacetylation and disk refining process. 2015
- NGF-07 Ou, L., Dou, C., Yu, J.H. and others. Techno-economic analysis of sugar production from lignocellulosic biomass with utilization of hemicellulose and lignin for high-value co-products. 2021
- NGF-08 Baral, P., Munagala, M., Shastri, Y., Kumar, V., Agrawal, D.. Cost reduction approaches for fermentable sugar production from sugarcane bagasse and its impact on techno-economics and the environment. 2021
- ECF-22 Wilke V., Gickel J., Visscher C.. Monitoring of performance-based environmental impacts of substituting soybean meal with rapeseed meal in the rye-based diet of weaned pigs. 2023
- ECF-23 Escobar N., Tizado E.J., zu Ermgassen E.K.H.J., Löfgren P., Börner J., Godar J.. Spatially-explicit footprints of agricultural commodities: mapping carbon emissions embodied in Brazil's soy exports. 2020
- HSC-21 McKinsey and Company. Cultivated meat: Out of the lab, into the frying pan. 16 June 2021
- HSC-23 Boston Consulting Group. The benefits of plant-based meats. March 2021
- HSC-18 Rethink Priorities. Forecasts estimate limited cultured meat production through 2050. 22 March 2022
- HSC-19 Rethink Priorities. Cultured meat predictions were overly optimistic. 15 September 2021
- GEO-02 The White House. Joint Statement on United States-Vietnam Framework for an Agreement on Reciprocal, Fair, and Balanced Trade. 26 Oct 2025
- GEO-05 Federal Register API search results. Initiation of Section 301 Investigation: Vietnam's [IP] Protection. 3 Jun 2026
- GEO-48 Tariffstool.com. Vietnam Tariff 2026. 2026
- GEO-15 Chuong V.D., Schambow R.A., Nguyen D., et al.. Epidemiology and Control of African Swine Fever in Vietnam: A Scoping Review. 2025