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Appendix YNew in edition 1.1

Y. Targets, benchmarks and places: the policy and spatial frame to 2050

The evidence behind chapters 19 and 20: every official Vietnamese target relevant to protein supply from 2025 to 2050 and what the targets leave out, how protein and bioeconomy strategies abroad have fared, the map layers and six candidate hubs for a protein bioeconomy, and the full registers of the 22 normative vision milestones and the 21 robust moves.

30 min readWhat the tags mean
On this page
  1. Y.1 Vietnam's official targets by horizon
  2. Y.2 What is missing
  3. Y.3 International protein strategies: the benchmark
  4. Y.4 Bioeconomy strategies in the region
  5. Y.5 Places: the spatial frame
  6. Y.6 Vision milestones
  7. Y.7 Robust moves register
  8. Y.8 Gaps and open questions
  9. Data files

What this appendix contains. The evidence behind Vision 2050 and Robust moves: a register of Vietnam's official targets relevant to protein supply by horizon, what those targets leave out, benchmarks from protein and bioeconomy strategies abroad, the map layers and six candidate hubs for a protein bioeconomy, and the full registers of the 22 vision milestones and the 21 robust moves.

How to use it. Policy makers can start with Y.1 and Y.2 (what is planned, what is missing, and the 2026 to 2030 windows to add targets). Investors and founders can start with Y.5 (places and timing). Y.6 and Y.7 are the full tables behind chapters 19 and 20.

Y.1 Vietnam's official targets by horizon

national_targets_2050.csv holds 98 official targets, directions and tasks: 74 rows touch 2030, 6 touch 2035, 18 touch 2045 and 17 touch 2050 (our count). The tables give every quantified target relevant to protein supply, and the qualitative direction where that is the only official word.

Y.1.1 2025: the first checkpoint

DomainInstrumentTarget for 2025Outcome so farEvidence
FeedDecision 1625 (15 Dec 2023), feed-industry schemeIndustrial livestock feed 24 to 25 MtAbout 21.5 Mt in 2024: probably missed2
Feed additivesDecision 1625Domestic additives 20 to 25% of demandWe found no statistic2
MeatDecision 1520 (6 Oct 2020), livestock strategy5.0 to 5.5 Mt carcass weightOur 2025 estimate, 5.85 to 6.50 Mt (macro_indicators.csv, MI-009), is above it3
Marine aquacultureDecision 1664 (4 Oct 2021)850 kt on 280,000 haWe found no 2025 figure4
Agri-biotech firmsDecision 429 (2021)Firms +20%Scheme replaced by Decision 14665,6

Y.1.2 2030: where the output targets stop

DomainInstrumentTarget for 2030Evidence
LivestockDecision 1520Meat 6.0 to 6.5 Mt carcass; 58 to 62 kg per person. Names side streams to use as feed: spent grain, brewer's yeast, pineapple and cassava pulp, slaughter by-products, shrimp heads and shells, pangasius bone and fat7,3,8
FeedDecisions 1520 and 1625Industrial thức ăn chăn nuôi (livestock feed) 30 to 32 Mt; the 1625 text points to livestock feed only. Our model gives 26.4 Mt of livestock and poultry feed in 2030, so the target looks out of reach (Protein balance 2050)2,3
Feed additivesDecision 1625Domestic additives 30 to 35% of demand. Budget VND 1,310 billion (about USD 50 million) for 2023 to 2030, about VND 700 billion for by-product processing2
Feed self-relianceResolution 19-NQ/TW (2022, continued in 2025 and 2026); Decision 150 (2022)"Raise self-reliance in feed production"; self-reliance in seed, feed and veterinary drugs. No ratio9,10,11
AquacultureDecision 339 (11 Mar 2021), fisheries strategyAquaculture 7.0 Mt; fisheries 9.8 Mt; seafood exports USD 14 to 16 billion. Industrial feed to replace cá tạp (trash fish), with no volume or date12
Marine aquacultureDecision 16641.45 Mt on 300,000 ha: marine fish 200 kt (120 kt offshore), lobster 5 kt, other crustaceans 95 kt; feed-production zones next to farms4
CaptureDecision 3392.8 Mt, against 3.83 Mt in 2025 (a fall of about a quarter)12
Capture fleetDecision 389 (9 May 2024), fisheries resources plan, vision 2050At most about 83,600 vessels; trawlers 10% (about 8,360), about 59% fewer than in 2016 (our calculation)13,14
LandDecision 1177 (30 Jun 2026), adjusted land-use planRice land 3,252.63 thousand ha, against 3,907.07 in 2024: about 654 thousand ha (17%) released (our calculation); agricultural land 26,611.42 thousand ha15
CropsResolution 19; Decision 1748 (30 Dec 2023), crop strategyAt least 35 Mt of paddy a year; cassava area "stable". No maize, soybean or cassava number9,16
Rice residuesDecision 1490 (27 Nov 2023)1 million ha of low-emission rice; 100% of straw collected and reused (our rough estimate: 7 to 15 Mt a year)17
Mekong; organic wasteDecisions 287 (2022) and 687 (2022)Mekong priorities in the order aquatic products, fruit, rice; 70% of rural organic waste recycled18,19
BiotechnologyResolution 36-NQ/TW (30 Jan 2023)Biotech industry 7% of GDP; replace at least 50% of imported biotech products; top 10 in Asia20,21
BiotechnologyDecision 1466 (31 Jul 2026), replaces Decision 429Replace at least 50% of imported biotech products; 7% of biotech industry value added; 5 key and 5 specialised labs; 500 high-level staff; 2,000 technician trainings. Names công nghệ enzym, protein, vi sinh (enzyme, protein and microbial technology) for nutrient-use efficiency in livestock and aquaculture6
BiotechnologyDecision 1355/QD-BCT (5 Jun 2026), MOITScheme products replace at least 20% of imports; 30 to 50% commercialised; names enzymes, fermentation, probiotics and feed additives22,23
Biotech deliveryDirective 13/CT-TTg (21 Apr 2026)MOST special mechanisms (May 2026); MAE biotechnology clusters (December 2026)24,25
Strategic technologyDecision 808 (6 May 2026)20 missions; the agricultural ones are gene-edited breeds and veterinary vaccines; none on fermentation26
ScienceResolution 57-NQ/TW (22 Dec 2024); Decision 604 (2026)R&D 2% of GDP; at least 3% of the state budget to science; 12 researchers per 10,000 people; sandboxes27,28
AIDecision 1671 (28 Aug 2026), AI strategyAt least 10,000 advanced AI experts; AI in breeding, livestock and aquaculture; fermentation not named29
SkillsDecision 1002 (24 May 2025), high-tech workforce5,000 biotechnology and biology graduates a year30
Firms and capitalResolution 68-NQ/TW (4 May 2025); Resolution 86/NQ-CP (2026)2 million firms; private sector 55 to 58% of GDP; 10,000 innovative start-ups; venture market USD 1.5 billion31,32
PowerDecision 768 (15 Apr 2025), revised power planNon-hydro renewables 28 to 36% of generation; biomass power 1.5 to 2.7 GW33,34
EnergyResolution 70-NQ/TW (20 Aug 2025)Renewables 25 to 30% of primary energy; hydrogen and ammonia pilots35
HydrogenDecision 165 (7 Feb 2024)Clean hydrogen 100 to 500 kt a year36,37
EmissionsDecision 896 (26 Jul 2022), climate strategyAgriculture at most 64 MtCO2e, 39% below 2020 (our calculation); methane at least 30% below 2020. Livestock levers: rations, manure, biogas38,39,40
MethaneDecision 942 (5 Aug 2022)Methane caps: all sectors 77.9, agriculture 45.9, rice 30.7, livestock 15.2 MtCO2e41
EmissionsDecisions 150, 300; Decision 1658 (1 Oct 2021), green growthAgricultural and food-system emissions 10% below 2020; GHG intensity of GDP at least 15% below 201411,42,43
WaterDecision 1622 (27 Dec 2022); Decision 1658Water demand about 122.5 billion m3; groundwater restricted; water-saving irrigation on at least 30% of irrigated upland crops44,43
IncomeResolution 252/2025/QH15 (10 Dec 2025); Resolution 19GDP growth 10% a year or more; GDP per person about USD 8,500; rural income 2.5 to 3 times 202045,9
NutritionDecision 02 (2022); Resolution 72-NQ/TW (2025); Decision 300Stunting below 15%; salt below 7 g a day; life expectancy 75.5 years. No protein target46,47,42

The green growth strategy is Decision 1658; Decision 882 (2022) is its action plan, whose agriculture indicators we did not read.

Y.1.3 2035: the first biotech numbers beyond 2030

DomainInstrumentTarget for 2035Evidence
BiotechnologyDecision 1466Replace at least 60% of imports with plan products; 15% of biotech industry value added6
Power and hydrogenDecision 768Offshore wind for "new energy" (hydrogen, ammonia) about 15 GW33,34
EmissionsDecision 896; NDC 3.0National peak in 2035. NDC 3.0 was not approved or submitted on 24 September 2026; we found no 2035 agriculture cap38,48,49
SkillsDecision 10028,000 biotechnology and biology graduates a year in 2030 to 203530
By-productsDecision 222 (2025), circular economy to 2035Crop, livestock and aquaculture by-products named as priority circular models; no number50

Y.1.4 2045: visions, mostly qualitative

DomainInstrumentTarget or vision for 2045Evidence
BiotechnologyResolution 36; Decision 1355/QD-BCTBiotech 10 to 15% of GDP (no statistical definition); replace 30 to 50% of comparable imports (MOIT)20,22
LivestockDecision 1520Over 70% of main livestock products processed industrially; 100% of marketed meat from industrial slaughterhouses; no meat or feed volume7
FisheriesDecisions 339 and 1664Top three seafood producer and exporter; marine aquaculture over 25% of fisheries output; no feed number12,4
Science, firms, incomeResolutions 57, 68, 86, 109/NQ-CP and 252Top 30 for innovation; private sector over 60% of GDP; venture market USD 10 billion; a developed, high-income country27,31,32,51,45
Health; energy pricesResolutions 72 and 70Life expectancy above 80 years; market-set energy prices without cross-subsidy47,35

Y.1.5 2050: inputs planned, outputs not

DomainInstrumentTarget for 2050Evidence
PowerDecision 768Non-hydro renewables 74 to 75% of generation; offshore wind for new energy about 240 GW; biomass power 4.8 to 7.0 GW33,34,52
HydrogenDecision 165Clean hydrogen 10 to 20 Mt a year; no food or feed use named36,37
EmissionsDecision 896Net zero; agriculture at most 56 MtCO2e, 46% below 2020; methane a further 40% lower (base year read as 2030)38,39
Green growth; waterDecisions 1658 and 1622GHG intensity at least 30% below 2014; water-saving irrigation at least 60%; water demand about 131.7 billion m343,44
IncomeResolution 252GDP per person about USD 38,000 (current prices): about 8.5% a year in current dollars from about USD 5,000 in 2025 (our arithmetic; the base is Low confidence)45
Agriculture, crops, captureDecisions 150, 1748, 389, 287Qualitative only: "a leading agricultural nation", "a modern crop sector", "sustainable" fisheries11,16,13,18
56 MtCO2e
Agricultural emissions cap, 2050
2022 (Decision 896)
Context and sources

Official cap: 64 MtCO2e in 2030 and 56 MtCO2e in 2050, against a 2020 base of 104.5 MtCO2e, the NDC business-as-usual level (46% lower). Official livestock levers are feed rations, manure and biogas, not alternative protein. 39,40,38

Drivers to 2050 →

Y.1.6 Coverage map: where official numbers exist

Cells name instruments with a numeric target; "qual." means a qualitative vision only; "none" means we found nothing 1 .

Domain2030203520452050
Meat, feed, livestock1520; 1625none1520 qual.none
Aquaculture, capture, aquafeed339; 1664; 389none339 qual.; 1664389 qual.
Crops and feed crops1177; 1748; Res 19noneRes 19 qual.1748 qual.; no maize, soybean or cassava number
BiotechnologyRes 36; 1466; 13551466Res 36; 1355none
Science and skillsRes 57; 604; 86; 1002; 16711002Res 57; 86none
Nutrition02; 300; Res 72noneRes 72none
Emissions896; 942; 1658896 (peak)none896; 1658
Energy and hydrogen768; 165; Res 70768Res 70 qual.768; 165
Land, water, macro1177; 1622; Res 252noneRes 1091622; 1658; Res 252

Reading. The state plans the inputs of a future protein system (clean power, hydrogen, carbon limits, water) to 2050. It plans the outputs (meat, feed, aquaculture, feed crops) only to 2030, and it never plans protein itself 7,12,33,38 . The first official 2035 numbers relevant to protein supply are Decision 1466's biotech targets.

What changed in 2025 and 2026. Decision 1466 replaced the 2021 agri-biotech scheme (Decision 429); Resolution 252 amended the national master plan (Resolution 81/2023); Decision 1177 adjusted the land plan; Decision 604 aligned the science strategy with Resolution 57; Decision 1355/QD-BCT extended MOIT's 2021 biotech scheme to 2045; Decision 768 replaced the 2023 power plan. The livestock, fisheries, crop, climate, methane, hydrogen, water and feed instruments are unchanged, and their MARD and MONRE tasks now sit with MAE 6,45,15,28,22,33 .

Y.2 What is missing

Y.2.1 Absences

  • No protein, feed or alternative-protein number beyond 2030. We found no official meat, feed, fishmeal, feed-crop or alternative-protein number for 2035, 2040, 2045 or 2050 in Decisions 1520, 339, 150, 1748, 1625, 1466, 1664 or 389 7,12,16,2,6,4,13 .
  • No aquafeed or fishmeal target at any horizon. Decisions 339 and 1664 order trash-fish replacement and feed zones without a volume or date 12,4 .
  • No feed-crop or feed-import target. The land plan releases about 654 thousand ha of rice land by 2030 without saying for what 16,15 .
  • No protein-intake norm. The nutrition, health and food-systems instruments set no protein target and do not mention plant-based or new foods 46,47,42 .
  • Fermentation is absent from the new instruments. The strategic technology missions, Decision 1466, the AI strategy and the draft biotechnology strategy do not name fermentation, microbial biomass or alternative protein 26,6,29,53 .
  • No pilot-plant or biofoundry target, and little money. Decision 1466 sets labs and staff numbers only. We found no budget line for Resolution 36; the only protein-adjacent budget is the feed scheme's, about USD 6 million a year 6,21,2 .
  • The official livestock climate levers are rations, manure and biogas, not alternative protein 38 .

Y.2.2 Three import-replacement targets that cannot be measured

InstrumentScope2030LaterBasket or baseline defined?Evidence
Resolution 36 and Decision 1466Imported biotech productsAt least 50% replaced60% (2035)Neither20,6
Decision 1355/QD-BCTImports comparable to MOIT scheme productsAt least 20%30 to 50% (2045)Neither22
Decision 1625Feed additivesDomestic supply 30 to 35% of demandnoneProduct group named; no baseline2

None can be read from customs data today. Resolution 36's biotech share of GDP (7% in 2030; 10 to 15% in 2045) also has no statistical definition. Do not confuse "10 to 15% of GDP" (Resolution 36) with "15% of biotech industry value added" (Decision 1466): the denominators differ 20,6 .

Y.2.3 Windows to add targets, 2026 to 2030

WindowLeadExpectedWhat it could carryEvidence
Food Safety Law and its decreeMOH2026 to 2027A definition of new food and a route with deadlines54,55
Biotechnology-cluster plan (Directive 13)MAEDecember 2026Named fermentation and feed-protein sites24,56
National biotechnology strategy, vision 2045MOST2026 to 2027 (draft)Fermentation and protein named; an import basket53
NDC 3.0 (2026 to 2035)MAE2026 to 2027First 2035 agriculture and livestock pathways48,49
Water resources strategy to 2050MAE2026Groundwater rules for Mekong plants and farms10
Provincial hi-tech agriculture zones (Decree 263/2026)ProvincesFrom July 2026Pilot fermentation and feed-trial campuses57
Legal track for offshore wind "for new energy"MOIT2027 to 2030Hydrogen siting for protein from power58,59
Successor livestock and fisheries strategiesMAEDrafting 2028 to 2030Protein and feed-balance targets for 2035 to 205010,7,12

Y.3 International protein strategies: the benchmark

Y.3.1 Register

All 23 rows of protein_strategies_benchmark.csv. Future targets are official targets of the country named, not our forecasts.

IDCountry and instrumentHorizonTargetPublic moneyAchieved so farLessonEvidence
PSB-001Denmark: Plant-based Foods plan (2023)2030None quantifiedDKK 675 M, 2023 to 2030 (about USD 12 M a year); permanent from 2024No KPIsA fund without a number cannot be judged60,61
PSB-002Denmark: Green Tripartite (2024)2030; 2035Livestock CO2e tax DKK 300 (2030) and 750 (2035) per t, 60% deductionLand fund DKK 40 bnAgreedFirst livestock carbon price, paired with money62,61
PSB-003Netherlands: Protein Strategy (2020)2030More self-sufficiency in new proteins (qualitative)Not statedNo quantitative targets; animal protein recast as "indispensable" (2024)Reversible without a statistic63,64
PSB-004Netherlands: diet ambition2030Animal protein from 60% to 50% of intaken/aNot trackedDiet ratios are hard to measure and out of scope63
PSB-005Flanders: protein strategy203060% plant, 40% animalNot readNot readSame problem65
PSB-006Germany: Protein Crop Strategy (2012)NoneNoneEUR 6 M a year from 2016Pulses 191,700 ha (2018)Area followed farm-payment rules66
PSB-007United Kingdom: National Food Strategy review (2021)2032Not readn/aResponse not readA review without adoption leaves nothing to track67
PSB-008EU: plant-protein report (2018)NoneNoneFarm policyHigh-protein feed self-sufficiency still about 26%No number, no change68,69
PSB-009EU: Protein Action Plan (7 Jul 2026)2035EU-grown share of oilseed and protein-crop feed protein from 25.8% to 35%Farm policy; Horizon Europe; EIBNewFirst numeric target; comes with a balance sheet70
PSB-010Canada: Protein Industries Canada roadmap (2021)2035CAD 25 bn annual sales; 17,000 jobsCAD 150 M federal, 2023 to 2028No progress reportValue target without a baseline71,72
PSB-011Israel: Innovation Authority plan (2023)2030A projection: USD 2.5 bn, 10,000 jobsOver NIS 140 M in a decade73 start-ups (claim)R&D-led niche73,74
PSB-012Singapore: "30 by 30" (2019)203030% of nutrition localS$144 M R&DDropped (Nov 2025) at about 26% protein, 8% fibreLand, cost and finance beat the target75,76
PSB-013Singapore: Food Story 2 (2025)203530% of protein and 20% of fibre local; alternative protein excludedS$42 M, 11 projectsNewRegulator and financier roles kept75
PSB-014Korea: FoodTech Basic Plan (Jul 2026)2030Funds and centres; no protein volumeKRW 51 bn (2024) to 100 bn (2027)NewStatute plus five-year plans77,78
PSB-015Korea: food-security targets2027Major crops 55.5%; food maize 2%Direct paymentsAbout 21.5 Mt of compound feed still import-basedA feed importer of Vietnam's size sets crop, not feed-protein, targets79
PSB-016Japan: Basic Plan (2020)FY2030Feed self-sufficiency 25% to 34%Feed-rice payments27% (FY2024); target cut to 28%Land-based ratio barely moved in 25 years80,81
PSB-017Japan: Basic Plan (2025)FY2030Feed 28%; KPIs checked yearlyn/aFeed-rice area fell 53% in one yearYearly checks make misses visible82,81
PSB-018Japan: MIDORI strategy (2021)2050Zero fossil CO2 in farming; organic on 25% of farmlandNot readNot assessedA 2050 vision with no protein KPI83
PSB-019Japan: food-tech investment roadmap (press, 2026)2040JPY 9.7 tn to 2040, novel foods JPY 1 tnSee targetNewPrimary text not read77
PSB-020China: soybean-meal reduction plan2030Soybean meal below 13% of feed (2025) and 10% (2030)Not stated13.4% in 2025 (missed)Formulation moves faster than land84,85
PSB-021Thailand: future food strategy (2023)2027Future-food exports THB 140 bn to 350 bnSee Y.4Not verifiedConflicting figures in circulation86,65
PSB-022Norway: salmon-feed goals2030All feed from sustainable sources (no number)Research fundingMarine share 90% (1990) to 22.4% (2020); novel 0.4%Price moved the marine share; policy did not move novel ingredients87,88,89
PSB-023Vietnam (reference): Decision 16252030Feed 30 to 32 Mt; additives 30 to 35% domesticAbout USD 6 M a year2025 feed target probably missedNo protein statistic2
2035 (one press-reported exception to 2040)
Furthest horizon of any national protein plan
2026 review
Context and sources

EU, Canada and Singapore stop at 2035; Japan at FY2030; China, Israel and the Netherlands at 2030. Japan's MIDORI (2050) and Denmark's land deal (2045) carry no protein indicator. One exception: a Japanese food-tech investment roadmap to 2040, reported only in the press (Low confidence). 70,71,75,82,83

Vision 2050 →

Readings.

  • No country we checked sets a volume target for fermentation-derived or cultivated protein. Quantified targets are feed-protein self-sufficiency (EU, Japan, China), diet ratios (Netherlands, Flanders) or sector value (Canada, Thailand) 70,81,85,63,71 .
  • Feed self-sufficiency targets are usually missed, then cut, and only the EU, Japan and Singapore publish a statistic that shows progress 81,85,75,70,82 .
  • Horizons stop at 2030 to 2035. MIDORI (2050) and Denmark's land deal (2045) carry no protein indicator; Japan's food-tech roadmap to 2040 has a novel-food line, but we read it only in the press 83,62,77 .

Y.3.2 Pace of change in the analogues

Simple averages between two published points (working-papers/wave3/vision_benchmarks/vis_calc.py, part A).

AnalogueMetricAchieved pacePace the target needsUse for VietnamEvidence
ChinaSoybean-meal share of feed, 2017 to 2025Minus 0.14 to 0.45 points a year (0.9 to 2.9% relative)Minus 0.68 points a year to 2030The formulation lever; RM-02's 1 to 2% a year sits inside it84,85
EUEU-grown share of crop feed proteinAbout 0, 2018 to 2025Plus 0.92 points a year to 2035Upper bound for a domestic-origin share70,69
JapanPure-domestic feed self-sufficiencyMinus 0.04 points a year, FY2000 to FY2024Plus 0.8 points a year to FY2030Downside: land-poor importers do not move it81
NorwayMarine share of salmon feedMinus 2.6 (1990 to 2013), then minus 1.1 points a year (to 2020)NonePrice can drive fast substitution in aquafeed87,88
NorwayNovel ingredients in salmon feed0.4% in 2020, similar to 2016NoneCeiling for novel feed protein at national scale today87,89

Applied to Vietnam (our calculation, vis_calc.py parts B and C). A soybean-meal inclusion trend of minus 1% a year lowers inclusion by 22% by 2050; minus 2% a year by 40% . The balance model's S-ALT scenario puts microbial protein at 1.0% (2030), 2.7% (2035), 4.4% (2040) and 8.4% (2050) of high-protein feed protein: plausible in 2030 against Norway's 0.4%, above any analogue in 2050 87 .

Y.3.3 Peer budgets

ProgrammeMoneyAbout a yearEvidence
Denmark: Plant-based Food GrantDKK 675 M, 2023 to 2030USD 12 M60
Germany: Protein Crop StrategyEUR 6 M a year since 2016EUR 6 M66
Canada: Protein Industries Canada (federal)CAD 150 M, 2023 to 2028USD 22 M65,71
Korea: food-tech policy fundsKRW 100 bn cumulative by 2027About USD 68 M in total77,65
Vietnam: feed scheme (Decision 1625)VND 1,310 bn, 2023 to 2030USD 6.3 M2

A dedicated Vietnamese protein and feed-innovation line of USD 5 to 15 M a year from 2027 (VM-04, RM-11) would sit inside this peer range (our estimate; currency conversions approximate) .

Y.3.4 Framing and review cycles

  • Security framing has displaced climate framing (2024 to 2026). The EU's July 2026 plan is titled for "resilience, strategic autonomy and sustainability"; Japan and Korea state targets as food security; Singapore left alternative protein out of its food-security targets for cost and acceptance reasons 70,82,79,75 .
  • Denmark alone pairs a transition fund with a price on livestock emissions from 2030. Vietnam's carbon market excludes agriculture, so this is a benchmark for the 2040s, not a near-term lever 62,61 .
  • Review cycles decide whether a vision survives. Japan checks KPIs every year; Finland reports each electoral term; Korea runs five-year plans under a statute (foresight_methods.csv, FSM-012, FSM-017, FSM-018) 82,90,77 .
  • Vietnam's foresight base is thin. The Delphi for the 2021 to 2030 science strategy had 15 experts per field; its authors advise small scenario workshops 91 . Vietnam 2035 is the precedent for a jointly written national vision 92 . Method: U. Futures method.

Y.4 Bioeconomy strategies in the region

Condensed from the 24 rows of bioeconomy_strategies.csv.

CountryInstrumentsHorizonProtein or biomanufacturing contentMoneyEvidence
VietnamResolution 36; Resolution 189/NQ-CP; Decisions 1466, 1355/QD-BCT, 1002, 1671; draft biotech strategy2030 to 2045Import-replacement and GDP-share targets; talent quotas; no protein or fermentation targetNone earmarked21,93,6,23,30,53
ThailandBCG model (2021); biotechnology framework 2026 to 20352027; 2035Future food and alternative proteins a target sub-industry; public precision-fermentation pilot plant500 M baht a year for 10 years; THB 5 bn for skills94,95,96
China15th Five-Year Plan (2026 to 2030); feed plan2030Biomanufacturing a "future industry"; single-cell protein named to cut soybean mealAbout USD 1 bn public alternative-protein investment (2025)97,98,99,100
IndiaBioE3 (2024)2030; 2050Bioeconomy USD 300 bn by 2030; "smart proteins" named; 21 BioEnabler facilitiesNot stated101
JapanBioeconomy Strategy (2024)2030JPY 100 tn bioeconomy; research on cell-based food, precision fermentation, algaeJPY 3 tn a year, public and private102
KoreaSynthetic Biology Act (in force 2026); Food Tech Act2027; 2035National biofoundry; five-year plansKRW 100 bn food-tech fund by 2027103,104
SingaporeRIE2030; Food Story 22030; 2035Biomanufacturing hub; food targets exclude alternative proteinS$37 bn, 2026 to 2030105,76
MalaysiaBiotechnology Policy 2.02030Names cultivated meat and fishNot verified106
EU; United States; DenmarkBiotech Act I (proposal); biotech commission report (2025); biosolutions programme2029 to 2030EU sandboxes exclude novel foods; US agriculture given "limited attention"US federal alternative-protein funding about USD 11 M (2025), down from about USD 115 M; Denmark DKK 460 M107,108,100
ASEANWe found no frameworkn/aEdition 1.0 option PO-014: co-lead ASEAN novel-food reliance workn/a

Readings. Every neighbour has a named, funded biotech or biomanufacturing instrument with a 2030 to 2035 horizon; Vietnam has targets without money or a protein line 97,102,95,21 . Food is the orphan of these strategies to 2030: money goes first to pharma, chemicals and materials 76,107,108 . Nobody has a funded biomanufacturing plan to 2050 101 .

Y.5 Places: the spatial frame

No official text sites a protein or fermentation industry. The six candidate hubs combine sourced map layers into places where several inputs meet. They are options to test, not forecasts. Files: hub_layers.csv, candidate_hubs.csv, working-papers/wave3/spatial_hubs/hub_calc.py.

Place names (current unit, former units in brackets; P. Admin map): Ca Mau (former Ca Mau, Bac Lieu); Vinh Long (former Vinh Long, Tra Vinh, Ben Tre); Dong Thap (former Dong Thap, Tien Giang); Can Tho (former Can Tho, Hau Giang, Soc Trang); An Giang (former An Giang, Kien Giang); Tay Ninh (former Tay Ninh, Long An); Dong Nai (former Dong Nai, Binh Phuoc); Ho Chi Minh City (former Ho Chi Minh City, Binh Duong, Ba Ria-Vung Tau); Khanh Hoa (former Khanh Hoa, Ninh Thuan); Lam Dong (former Lam Dong, Binh Thuan, Dak Nong); Gia Lai (former Gia Lai, Binh Dinh); Quang Ngai (former Quang Ngai, Kon Tum); Da Nang (former Da Nang, Quang Nam); Hai Phong (former Hai Phong, Hai Duong); Hung Yen (former Hung Yen, Thai Binh); Bac Ninh (former Bac Ninh, Bac Giang); Ninh Binh (former Ninh Binh, Ha Nam, Nam Dinh); Quang Tri (former Quang Tri, Quang Binh).

Y.5.1 The layers

LayerRows in hub_layers.csvWhat it holdsStrongest placesMain gapEvidence
Energy11Renewable-energy industry centres, offshore wind, irradiance, nuclear, tariffSouth-central coast; Ca Mau wind; southern solarNational tariff (about USD 75 per MWh for a 24/7 plant): place pays only with dedicated supply109,34,110,111
Hydrogen8Projects with stated size and startMekong coastNothing built112,113
CO214Steel, fertiliser, refinery, ethanol, high-CO2 gasQuang Ngai; northern steel and coal-based ammoniaNo site reports volume and purity114,115,116
Feedstock16 (9 carbohydrate, 7 residue)Cassava, glucose, sugar, rice; straw, pulp, biogas, spent grain, seafood by-productsTay Ninh and Dong Nai (sugars); Mekong (55% of national straw)Third-party glucose only in Dong Nai; no by-product atlas117,118,119,120
Buyers15Shrimp and pangasius farms, hatcheries, feed mills, fermenters, the soybean crusherCa Mau; Dong Thap; Can Tho; Vinh LongNo provincial table of feed-mill capacity121,122,123,124
Research and trials10Universities, trial centres, test labs, AI computeHanoi; Can Tho; Ho Chi Minh City; Khanh HoaNo open food-grade pilot plant125,126,127,128
Zones18Hi-tech parks, hi-tech agriculture zones, free trade and economic zones, MAE clustersHo Chi Minh City; HanoiNone designed for biomanufacturing129,57,56
LandNot a file layerIndustrial occupancy, Q2 2026: Ho Chi Minh City 86.1%, Dong Nai 73.1%, Tay Ninh 60.9%Tay NinhLand prices by province130
Climate riskNot a file layerSubsidence, salinity, flood, humid heatHighest risk: the Ca Mau peninsulaSite elevation and groundwater data131,132,133,134

Y.5.2 Screening scores

Our judgement for hubs opening between now and 2050: 0 absent, 3 strong; climate scores exposure inversely (3 is low exposure). Equal weights are an assumption; an investor in protein from power would weight the first two columns more .

HubPower and H2CO2CarbohydrateResiduesBuyersResearchZonesLand and portsClimateTotal of 27
CH-1 Mekong shrimp coast31123122015
CH-2 Mekong river belt10233321116
CH-3 Tay Ninh cassava21332113218
CH-4 Ho Chi Minh City, Dong Nai, Cai Mep22223332221
CH-5 South-central coast30111212213
CH-6 North22112332218

Y.5.3 Six candidate hubs, in order of opening

HubProvincesAssetsMissingFitting playsTimingOpens whenEvidence
CH-4 Pilot, tolling and port hubHo Chi Minh City; Dong NaiVedan, Ajinomoto and AB Mauri fermenters; 140 kt a year of glucose syrup; Saigon Hi-Tech Park; Region II aquafeed trial centre; Cai Mep Ha free trade zone; soybean crusher; fertiliser and ethanol CO2An open food-grade pilot offer; affordable landT5, T7, T1, T9, T8 researchNow to 2035; regional contract role from 2035A fermenter or the hi-tech park publishes a tolling offer135,136,129,137,130
CH-2 Pangasius, rice and university hubDong Thap; An Giang; Can Tho; inland Vinh LongAbout 35% of 1.74 Mt of pangasius (Dong Thap); about 26% of national straw-power potential; Can Tho University; Region I trial sub-centre; aquafeed millsPilot fermentation; an energy edgeT2, T6, T9, T10; side-stream microbial protein; straw fermentation after 20352027 to 2035A shared pilot fermenter opens in Can Tho122,138,119,126
CH-3 Cassava fermentation-sugar hubTay Ninh; Dong Nai cassava areas68 starch factories; 6.4 Mt a year of root capacity; pulp and biogas; the most vacant industrial land in the southThird-party glucose; secure roots (Cambodian supply near exhaustion; mosaic disease); CO2 and hydrogenT4, T3, T2, T7 by tolling, T92028 to 2040A starch group sells glucose under contract118,139,130
CH-1 Aquafeed-and-hydrogen hubCa Mau; coastal Vinh Long; coastal Can ThoAbout 46% of national farmed shrimp; three large aquafeed sites; about 123 kt a year of planned hydrogen; 1,740 MW of approved wind; Dinh An Economic ZoneBuilt hydrogen; a legal track for new-energy offshore wind; a working zone; CO2 data; subsidence-safe sitesT2 now; T6; T3 after 2030; hydrogen-oxidising bacteriaT2 2027 to 2030; demonstration 2032 to 2035; scale 2040 to 2045An electrolyser reaches investment decision and new-energy wind gets a legal track112,113,121,140,132
CH-6 Research-and-industry hubHanoi; Hai Phong; Quang Ninh; Hung Yen; Bac Ninh; Ninh BinhHanoi Biotechnology Hi-Tech Park; Hoa Lac and its AI compute; national institutes; Livestock trial centre I; northern renewable centre; steel CO2A biofoundry; cheap hydrogen; carbohydrate; aquafeed demandAI bio-design and a build-test lab; T8; T7 strains; T9; P3, P4Research now to 2035; industry 2040 to 2050Northern offshore wind and published CO2 purity data141,142,143,128,110
CH-5 Renewable-protein coastKhanh Hoa; Lam Dong; link to Gia LaiSouthern renewable centre; top irradiance; planned nuclear (4.0 to 6.4 GW, 2030 to 2035); over 30% of national shrimp postlarvae; Nha Trang researchConcentrated CO2; hydrogen projects; buyers; a pilot site; water (not verified)Hatchery microalgae and larval feeds (2027 to 2035); protein from renewable power (2040 to 2050)2035 to 2050New-energy wind is legal and an electrolyser is built here109,144,34,110

A corridor to watch, not a hub. Quang Ngai (Dung Quat steel, refinery, ethanol), Da Nang and Gia Lai hold the largest CO2 sources but few feed buyers and no hydrogen; the Ca Voi Xanh gas field had no first-gas date in July 2026. The corridor could fit protein from steel off-gas in 2035 to 2045 if a steel maker chose that route 116,145,114 .

Y.5.4 Renewable-energy industry centres and the hydrogen pipeline

  • Two renewable-energy industry and service centres by 2030: in the north at Hai Phong, Quang Ninh and Hung Yen, and in the south at Khanh Hoa, Lam Dong and Ho Chi Minh City, with equipment making, ports, green industrial zones and R&D (Decision 1509/QD-BCT, 30 May 2025; Decision 458, March 2026). Decision 768 itself names only regions 146,109,147,148,59 .
  • Offshore wind "for new energy" (about 15 GW in 2035 and 240 GW in 2050) has no province and no legal track; Decree 272/2026 covers grid supply only 34,58 .
ProjectCurrent (former)Stated capacityStated startReality checkEvidence
Tra Vinh Green Hydrogen, Dinh An Economic ZoneVinh Long (Tra Vinh)24 kt H2, 182.5 kt ammonia, about 195 kt O2 a year; VND 7,856 bnQ2 2027Fence and gate only in May 2026; the province ordered a review. Not credible112,113,149
Ben TreVinh Long (Ben Tre)24 kt H2Q2 2028Not verified112
Bac LieuCa Mau (Bac Lieu)70 kt H2, two phases2029; 2032Not verified112
Tien GiangDong Thap (Tien Giang)5,294 t H22028Not verified112
Binh Dinh; Long AnGia Lai; Tay Ninh20 kt; 249 tProposedLong An is pilot scale112,150

The Mekong total is about 123 kt a year (our sum), against a national target of 100 to 500 kt by 2030. The bottleneck is demand: hydrogen "still has few uses" 112,37 . A protein plant beside an electrolyser is one of the few local uses that needs no pipeline.

Y.5.5 Zones

  • Cai Mep Ha free trade zone (Decision 4560/QD-UBND, 23 July 2026): 4,174.35 ha in Ho Chi Minh City, with 906.07 ha for logistics and 850.67 ha for industry, urban use and services beside a deep-sea port. "Green" and "circular" production are named; biotech and food are not 129 . Its neighbours, the VAL crusher (nearly 2 Mt of soybean meal a year) and Entobel's insect plant, are the incumbents a novel feed protein must beat 137 .
  • Decree 263/2026 on khu nông nghiệp ứng dụng công nghệ cao (hi-tech agriculture zones), in force from 1 July 2026: provinces decide; functions are research, trials, pilot production and incubation; incentives are 70% interest support capped at 8% a year and land-fee exemption for infrastructure. It fits a feed-trial and pilot-fermentation campus; we could not tell whether full-scale plants qualify 57,151 .
  • The bioeconomy's own map is blank: on 24 September 2026 MAE had published no location for its biotechnology clusters (due December 2026) or its "at least 5" innovation centres to 2030 56,152 .
  • Lessons from stalled zones. The 418 ha Bac Lieu shrimp hi-tech zone (2017), whose scope includes feed processing, lost investors while land procedures stayed unresolved. The 5,200 ha Hau Giang zone (2012) had cleared only 10 ha for investors by 2020. Fix land procedures before announcing 153,154 .
  • Rivals put pilot capacity inside designated zones: Thailand's EECi (two 15,000 L fermenters), Singapore's ScaleUp Bio, India's BioE3 hubs 155,156 .

Y.5.6 The north's research assets

The Hanoi Biotechnology Hi-Tech Park (199.03 ha; Decision 1054/QD-TTg, September 2024) is zoned with a 30% density cap and 1 to 8 floors: laboratories and a biofoundry, not bulk fermentation 141,142 . Hoa Lac has a 263 ha R&D zone and an AI system since February 2026 143,128 . Institutes include the food industries research institute (FIRI) and the national food-control institute; a livestock trial centre runs official feed trials from 1 October 2026 157,158,127 . Inputs are the weakness: modelled solar hydrogen costs USD 3.76 to 3.88 per kg in the north against 2.81 to 2.85 in the south 110 .

Y.5.7 Climate limits in the Mekong

HazardEvidenceSiting consequenceTags
Low groundMean elevation about 0.8 m above sea levelOfficial flood figures are a lower bound159
SubsidenceAbout 1.1 cm a year from groundwater pumping; 12 to 100 cm by 2100 depending on extraction; the Ca Mau peninsula falls below sea level this century in every pathwayPlants built after 2035 in coastal Ca Mau or Vinh Long need raised sites and surface water131,132
SalinitySalinity-affected area up 10 to 27% by about 2050 from subsidence and riverbed incision, plus 6 to 19% from sea-level riseCoastal land moves from rice to shrimp: more aquafeed demand, fewer rice by-products133,160
FloodWith 50 cm of sea-level rise, every 2009 pangasius farm site faces 2 m floods (mostly after 2050)River-belt plants need flood-safe platforms161
Humid heatUp to 60 extra days a year above a wet-bulb globe temperature of 32 °C before 2040Design processes for 40 °C cooling water134

Y.5.8 Co-location arithmetic

Our calculation in hub_calc.py for sites built 2035 to 2045 .

InputValueSource
Per t of protein, hydrogen route0.69 t H2; 2.95 t CO2; 0.24 t ammonia; about 3.2 t O2; 64 to 83 MWh162
Tra Vinh design; Mekong planned hydrogen24 kt H2 and about 195 kt O2 a year; 123.3 kt H2 a year113,112
Ethanol-plant CO250 to 82 kt a year eachco2_point_sources_vn.csv
Cassava5.4 Mt of roots per 1.32 Mt of glucose (S-ALT, 2050); 0.45 to 0.50 t of cells per t of glucose; 60 to 65% protein (assumed); former Tay Ninh root capacity 6.4 Mt a yearBalance model; 118
ResultValue
A 10 kt a year hydrogen-route protein plant needs6.9 kt H2 (29% of the Tra Vinh design), 29.5 kt CO2, 32 kt O2, 0.64 to 0.83 TWh
Tra Vinh's by-product oxygen alone coversAbout 61 kt of protein a year
All planned Mekong hydrogen, if it all went to protein (upper bound)About 179 kt of protein a year
One ethanol plant's CO2 supportsAbout 17 to 28 kt of protein a year
A 20 kt a year protein plant on cassava glucose needs252 to 303 kt of roots: 3.9 to 4.7% of former Tay Ninh capacity
The S-ALT 2050 cassava need84% of former Tay Ninh capacity
The S-ALT 2050 feed product (about 860 kt dry)About 78 times Entobel's Vietnamese capacity (11 kt a year across two plants) or 43 plants of Calysseo's 20 kt size
BuyersCa Mau farmed 46.1% of national shrimp in 2025 (594,851 of 1,291,000 t); Dong Thap's pangasius needs 0.91 to 1.04 Mt of feed a year at a feed conversion ratio of 1.5 to 1.7 (assumed)

Reading. For a protein pilot, co-location with an electrolyser matters more than the hydrogen itself: by-product oxygen and ammonia and a buyer next door are the advantage. Several sugar-route plants fit in Tay Ninh; a national 2050 build-out does not 113,118 .

Y.5.9 A siting rule for 2050, and the scenarios

A siting rule for the S-ALT plants in 2050, not a forecast : plants on sugar follow carbohydrate (CH-3, CH-4, the Central Highlands); plants on hydrogen follow electrolysers (CH-1 first, CH-5 later); functional-ingredient plants follow buyers and trial sites (CH-2, CH-4). No hub can host the whole scenario. In the 2035 scenarios of Outlook, CH-4 alone matters in Scenario 1; CH-2 and CH-3 lead Scenario 2; Scenario 3 needs CH-4 for tolling and CH-6 for research. The hydrogen hubs (CH-1 at scale, CH-5) belong only to 2040 to 2050 worlds in which new-energy offshore wind is built; the mapping to the 2050 worlds is in Scenarios 2050.

Y.6 Vision milestones

All 22 rows of vision_milestones.csv. Each row is a normative milestone of Vision 2050: a goal put forward for discussion, not a forecast and not an official target. The benchmark and evidence tag describe what makes it plausible.

IDYearPlan cyclePillarNormative milestoneValueTrendBenchmarkEvidence
VM-012026 to 20282026 to 2030MeasureFirst national protein and feed balance, then yearlyBy 2028None existsEU balance sheet; Japan's yearly KPI checks70,82
VM-022026 to 20282026 to 2030RulesNew-food procedure with timelines and reliance; aquafeed entries for microbial biomass and algal oilsBy 2027 to 2028No procedureKorea changed a rule in about nine months54,163
VM-032026 to 20282026 to 2030PlacesFermentation and feed-protein sites named in the MAE cluster planDecember 2026 to 2027Map blankThailand's EECi; India's BioE3 hubs56,156
VM-042026 to 20282026 to 2030MoneyDedicated protein and feed-innovation lineUSD 5 to 15 M a yearAbout USD 6 M (feed scheme)Denmark, Germany, Canada60,66,2
VM-0520302026 to 2030EconomiseSoybean-meal import need near the efficiency path7.8 to 8.3 Mt8.5 MtChina's formulation pace84,85
VM-0620302026 to 2030DiversifyMicrobial (non-insect) feed protein in useAbout 1% of high-protein feed protein (about 50 kt; about nine times Entobel's Vietnamese capacity of 11 kt a year)Near 0Norway 0.4% (2020)87
VM-0720302026 to 2030PlacesOne open food-grade pilot plant10,000 to 30,000 LNoneScaleUp Bio; EECi155
VM-0820302031 to 2035MeasureSuccessor livestock and fisheries strategies carry protein-balance targets for 2035 to 2040Targets adoptedTargets stop at 2030EU 2035 target10,70
VM-0920352031 to 2035EconomiseSoybean-meal need below trend8.1 to 9.0 Mt9.5 MtEU target pace70
VM-1020352031 to 2035DiversifyMicrobial feed protein grows with fishmeal parity1 to 3%Near 0No national analogue above 1%87
VM-1120352031 to 2035MeasureDomestic-origin share of feed protein risesPlus 3.5 to 7 points on the baselineFlat (Japan)EU pace (0.9 points a year) as the top70,81
VM-1220352031 to 2035ReviewFirst full review against the scenario signpostsReview publishedNoneJRC stress test; FAO triggers164,165
VM-1320402036 to 2040EconomiseSoybean-meal need below trend7.8 to 9.2 Mt10.0 MtS-EFF to S-ALT166
VM-1420402036 to 2040DiversifyMicrobial feed protein2 to 4%Near 0S-ALT (4.4%)166
VM-1520402036 to 2040DecarboniseResidue carbon and clean power supply most new fermentation capacityA majority of new capacityCassava and grid powerPower plan: 74 to 75% non-hydro renewables by 205052,167
VM-1620452041 to 2045SpecialiseIn line with the 2045 visions of Resolutions 36 and 57: biotechnology a major industry; high-income statusBiotech 10 to 15% of GDP (undefined statistic)n/aOfficial 2045 visions20,21
VM-1720452041 to 2045DiversifyProtein from power at commercial scale on the Mekong shrimp coast, if the five conditions of chapter 16 alignAt least one plant (conditional)NoneChapter 16 conditions162,113
VM-1820502046 to 2050EconomiseSoybean-meal need well below trend7.0 to 8.8 Mt10.4 MtBalance model; China and Norway166,88
VM-1920502046 to 2050DiversifyMicrobial feed protein4 to 8%Near 0A stretch above any analogue87
VM-2020502046 to 2050DiversifyNon-marine omega-3 in aquafeed15 to 50% of EPA plus DHANear 0Algal and oilseed oils are commercial168,169,170
VM-2120502046 to 2050MeasureDomestic-origin share of feed proteinPlus 11 to 22 points on the 2028 baselineFlatEU pace as the top70
VM-2220502046 to 2050DecarboniseAgriculture within its cap, with feed protein counted56 MtCO2e or less104.5 MtCO2e (2020)Official cap39

Links. VM-03 depends on the December 2026 cluster plan (Y.2.3) and the hubs of Y.5; VM-04 sits inside the peer budgets of Y.3.3; VM-08 is the only milestone that would put a protein number into an official strategy beyond 2030; VM-11 and VM-21 take the EU pace (Y.3.2) as their top; VM-16 and VM-22 restate official targets from Y.1.

Y.7 Robust moves register

All 21 rows of robust_moves.csv, short form. Class and scores are our judgement of payoffs to 2050 across the worlds of Scenarios 2050, in the order A, B, C, D (2 thrives, 1 holds, 0 struggles) . Signposts (signposts_2050.csv): SP-01 fishmeal above USD 2,500 per t for 12 months; SP-02 anchoveta quota below 2 Mt in two of five years; SP-05 a month-long shipping disruption; SP-10 Chinese yeast and protein imports up over 20% a year for three years; SP-12 an ASEAN novel-food reliance mechanism; SP-13 non-Chinese Asian plants above 10 kt a year selling regionally; SP-16 landed Chinese microbial protein below its production cost for two quarters.

IDMoveClassLead actorsStart byPays off in (A, B, C, D)TriggerEvidence
RM-01Publish a national protein and feed balanceNo-regretMAE; NSO; feed association2028All (2, 2, 2, 2)None needed70,82
RM-02Feed-efficiency and formulation programmeNo-regretMAE; integrators; feed mills; universities2027All (2, 2, 2, 2)None needed84,85
RM-03New-food and new-feed-ingredient routes with deadlinesNo-regretMOH; MAE2027 to 2028All (2, 2, 2, 2)Food Safety Law and decree; feed-list updates54,163
RM-04Shared food-grade pilot and feed-trial capacityNo-regretMOST; Ho Chi Minh City; universities; DFIs2030All (2, 2, 2, 2)None needed155,171
RM-05Protein-quality laboratory and open price seriesNo-regretMOST; MAE; a university2028All (2, 2, 2, 2)None neededAdulteration is a listed wildcard (X. Drivers and signals)
RM-06Residue-carbon rules and a by-product atlasNo-regretMAE; provinces; industry2028All (2, 2, 2, 2)None needed17,172
RM-07Omega-3 sourcing plan for aquafeedNo-regretFeed mills; MAE; research institutes2028All (2, 2, 2, 2)None needed173,168
RM-08Climate-proof siting for new plantsNo-regretProvinces; MAE; investors2027All (2, 2, 2, 2)None needed131,132,134
RM-09Process-engineering skillsNo-regretMOET; MOST; universities; industry2027All (2, 2, 2, 2)None needed30,174
RM-10Reserve hub sitesOptionMAE; provinces2026 to 2027A, C; D partly (2, 0, 2, 1)Cluster plan drafting now56,57
RM-11Small permanent protein-innovation fundOptionMOST; MAE; MOF2027A, C (2, 1, 2, 1)None needed60,66,65
RM-12Concessional finance window for first plantsOptionMOF; State Bank; DFIs2028 (ready)C, D (0, 0, 2, 2)SP-01 or SP-02Capital charge from 12% to 9% does as much as the cost learning expected by 2030 (our calculation)
RM-13Join regional approval and statistics networksOptionMOH; MAE; MOIT2027A, C (2, 1, 2, 1)SP-12175,70
RM-14Seed research on cultivated seafood cells and gas fermentationOptionMOST; VAST; universities2028A, C (2, 0, 2, 0)None needed176
RM-15Clear rules for second-hand fermentation equipmentOptionMOF; MOIT2027C; A, D partly (1, 0, 2, 1)Distressed-asset sales abroad177
RM-16Bulk microbial feed protein beyond about 1% of feed proteinBetInvestors; feed mills; DFIsOn signpostC; D partly (0, 0, 2, 1)SP-01 sustained, and pilot cost within 1.2 times fishmeal-protein parity87,89
RM-17Protein-from-power demonstration on the Mekong shrimp coastBetInvestors; hydrogen developers; MOIT2032 to 2035 at the earliestC; A partly (1, 0, 2, 0)Green hydrogen below USD 2 per kg; firm renewable power below USD 45 per MWh162,113
RM-18Contract precision-fermentation plant for exportBetInvestors; foreign partners2030 to 2035A; C partly (2, 0, 1, 0)A new-food route, SP-12 or SP-13, and an anchor customer178,179
RM-19Cellulosic sugar from rice strawBetInvestors; MOIT; provincesOn signpostC; A partly (1, 0, 2, 0)An Asian straw plant above 80% of design capacity for two years180,181
RM-20Diversified feed-protein sourcing and working stocksHedgeFeed mills; integrators; MOIT2027C, D (1, 1, 2, 2)SP-05182,183
RM-21Import monitoring and equal standards for protein importsHedgeMOF (customs); MAE2027B, D (1, 2, 1, 2)SP-10; SP-16We found no baseline import series

Links. RM-10 is the spatial move (Y.5.5); RM-08 applies the climate limits of Y.5.7; RM-01, RM-03 and RM-06 would fill absences in Y.2.1; RM-17 depends on the hydrogen pipeline of Y.5.4.

Y.8 Gaps and open questions

These feed Q. Open questions; conflicting numbers go to R. Disagreements.

#GapCheapest way to close it
1Signed text of Decision 1466 (tasks, lead units, funding)Signed PDF on vanban.chinhphu.vn or the MAE portal
2Whether the national biotechnology strategy is issued and names fermentation or proteinWatch vanban.chinhphu.vn and mst.gov.vn
3Scope of the 30 to 32 Mt feed target (livestock only, Medium)One e-mail to the MAE livestock department
4Base year of the 2050 methane target (a 2030 base means about 58% below 2020 if both targets are met, our arithmetic)The signed PDF of Decision 896
5NDC 3.0 agriculture and livestock pathways for 2035MAE climate change department; UNDP Viet Nam
6Agriculture indicators of Decision 882; whether Decision 287 stays in force under the Law on Planning (10 December 2025)thuvienphapluat.vn; the law's transitional articles
7Location of MAE biotechnology clusters and innovation centresMAE portal from December 2026
8Whether Decree 263 zones admit full-scale feed or fermentation plantsRead Articles 4 to 7 of the decree in full
9CO2 volume and purity by siteMAE list of facilities that must report emissions; company sustainability reports
10Feed-mill capacity and shrimp and pangasius output by current provinceMAE lists of certified feed facilities; NSO provincial tables
11Offshore-wind survey areas and Mekong grid capacity; water in Khanh Hoa; status of the Da Nang and Hai Phong free trade zonesMarine spatial plan; EVN reports; People's Committee decisions
12New provincial master plans after the 2025 mergersPortals of Ca Mau, Vinh Long, Can Tho, Tay Ninh, Khanh Hoa and Lam Dong, 2026 to 2027
13Korea's FoodTech plan text; Thai and Chilean aquafeed trajectories; any ASEAN bioeconomy frameworkMAFRA releases; aquaculture journals; ASEAN Secretariat
14bioeconomy_strategies.csv row BES-003 still lists Decision 429 as currentMark it replaced by Decision 1466

Disagreements between sources.

TopicSource ASource BPosition taken
Rice land, 20303.56 Mha, "keep stable" (Decision 1748)3,252.63 thousand ha (Decision 1177)Use 1177: later, and it adjusts the land plan
Renewables in primary energy, 203015 to 20% (Decision 1658)25 to 30% (Resolution 70)Use Resolution 70: later and higher-ranking
GDP per person, 2050USD 27,000 to 32,000 (Resolution 81)About USD 38,000 (Resolution 252)Use 252, which amends 81
Agricultural emissions, 203010% below 2020 (Decisions 150, 300)64 MtCO2e (Decision 896)Different metrics; 896 is the binding cap
Power-sector cap, 2030197 to 199 MtCO2e (Decision 768)At most 170 MtCO2e (Decision 458, press summary)Unresolved
Mekong hydrogen projectsAbout 30 kt each (FTG-17)24, 24, 70 and 5.3 kt (HUB-04)Totals agree (about 120 to 123 kt); use HUB-04
Ca Mau farmed shrimp, 2025594,851 t (HUB-15)577,000 t (HUB-17)Use 594,851 t; the gap is 3%

Data files

  • national_targets_2050.csv (98 rows): official targets and directions, 2025 to 2050, with Vietnamese quote, status and relevance score.
  • protein_strategies_benchmark.csv (23 rows): protein and feed-protein strategies abroad, with targets, money, results and lessons.
  • foresight_methods.csv (18 rows): food-system foresight exercises, methods and lessons.
  • bioeconomy_strategies.csv (24 rows): bioeconomy and biomanufacturing strategies in Vietnam and abroad.
  • hub_layers.csv (92 rows): map layers (energy, hydrogen, CO2, zones, carbohydrate, residues, buyers, research) by current and former province.
  • candidate_hubs.csv (6 rows): the six candidate hubs with assets, gaps, plays, horizon and signposts.
  • vision_milestones.csv (22 rows): the normative milestones of chapter 19.
  • robust_moves.csv (21 rows): the moves of chapter 20, with scores by world and triggers.
  • signposts_2050.csv (16 rows): signposts and thresholds used as triggers.
  • emissions_targets.csv (19 rows): official emission and methane caps.
  • vn_energy_inputs_2050.csv (50 rows): power, hydrogen and grid inputs to 2050.
  • Scripts: working-papers/wave3/spatial_hubs/hub_calc.py (Y.5.8) and working-papers/wave3/vision_benchmarks/vis_calc.py (Y.3).

Related: Vision 2050, Robust moves, Drivers to 2050, Protein balance 2050, Scenarios 2050, O. Outlook data, G. Regulation, N. Regional, U. Futures method, X. Drivers and signals, Z. Aquafeed and feedstocks 2050, Q. Open questions, R. Disagreements

Sources cited on this page

All sources (Appendix T)

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  14. AQF-06 Leadbitter, D.. Driving change in South East Asian trawl fisheries, fishmeal supply, and aquafeed. 2019
  15. NTS-15 Prime Minister. Quyết định 1177/QĐ-TTg điều chỉnh Quy hoạch sử dụng đất quốc gia 2021 to 2030, tầm nhìn 2050. 30 Jun 2026
  16. NTS-22 Prime Minister. Quyết định 1748/QĐ-TTg, Chiến lược phát triển trồng trọt đến năm 2030, tầm nhìn 2050. 30 Dec 2023
  17. NTS-32 Prime Minister. Quyết định 1490/QĐ-TTg, Đề án phát triển bền vững một triệu héc-ta chuyên canh lúa chất lượng cao và phát thải thấp vùng ĐBSCL đến năm 2030. 27 Nov 2023
  18. NTS-12 Prime Minister. Quyết định 287/QĐ-TTg, Quy hoạch vùng đồng bằng sông Cửu Long 2021 to 2030, tầm nhìn 2050. 28 Feb 2022
  19. NTS-31 Prime Minister. Quyết định 687/QĐ-TTg, Đề án phát triển kinh tế tuần hoàn ở Việt Nam. 7 Jun 2022
  20. NTS-01 Party Central Committee. Nghị quyết 36-NQ/TW về phát triển và ứng dụng công nghệ sinh học phục vụ phát triển bền vững đất nước trong tình hình mới. 30 Jan 2023
  21. REG-51 Party Central Committee. Nghị quyết 36-NQ/TW 2023 về phát triển và ứng dụng công nghệ sinh học. 30 Jan 2023
  22. NTS-38 Ministry of Industry and Trade. Quyết định 1355/QĐ-BCT, phát triển công nghiệp sinh học thành ngành kinh tế - kỹ thuật trong lĩnh vực Công Thương. 5 Jun 2026
  23. ECF-40 Báo Công Thương. Phê duyệt Đề án phát triển công nghiệp sinh học thành ngành kinh tế - kỹ thuật. 10 Jun 2026
  24. NTS-37 Báo Chính phủ. Chỉ thị của Thủ tướng Chính phủ về việc tập trung phát triển, ứng dụng hiệu quả công nghệ sinh học thành ngành kinh tế - kỹ thuật quan trọng. 21 Apr 2026
  25. FTB-50 Báo Chính phủ. Phát triển, ứng dụng hiệu quả công nghệ sinh học thành ngành kinh tế - kỹ thuật quan trọng. 21 Apr 2026
  26. NTS-20 Prime Minister. Quyết định 808/QĐ-TTg giao nhiệm vụ phát triển công nghệ chiến lược. 6 May 2026
  27. NTS-03 Politburo. Nghị quyết 57-NQ/TW về đột phá phát triển khoa học, công nghệ, đổi mới sáng tạo và chuyển đổi số quốc gia. 22 Dec 2024
  28. NTS-21 Prime Minister. Quyết định 604/QĐ-TTg điều chỉnh Chiến lược phát triển khoa học, công nghệ và đổi mới sáng tạo đến năm 2030. 2 Apr 2026
  29. FTB-48 LuatVietnam. Quyết định 1671/QĐ-TTg 2026 phê duyệt Chiến lược quốc gia về trí tuệ nhân tạo đến 2030. 28 Aug 2026
  30. ECF-41 Prime Minister. Quyết định 1002/QĐ-TTg năm 2025 phê duyệt Đề án đào tạo nguồn nhân lực phục vụ phát triển công nghệ cao giai đoạn 2025 đến 2035, định hướng đến năm 2045. 24 May 2025
  31. NTS-18 Politburo. Nghị quyết 68-NQ/TW về phát triển kinh tế tư nhân. 4 May 2025
  32. NTS-30 Government. Nghị quyết 86/NQ-CP, Chiến lược quốc gia về khởi nghiệp sáng tạo. 5 Apr 2026
  33. NTS-26 Prime Minister. Quyết định 768/QĐ-TTg, Điều chỉnh Quy hoạch phát triển điện lực quốc gia 2021 to 2030, tầm nhìn 2050. 15 Apr 2025
  34. FTG-15 Prime Minister. Quyết định 768/QĐ-TTg năm 2025 phê duyệt Điều chỉnh Quy hoạch phát triển điện lực quốc gia thời kỳ 2021-2030, tầm nhìn đến năm 2050. 15 Apr 2025
  35. NTS-19 Politburo. Nghị quyết 70-NQ/TW về bảo đảm an ninh năng lượng quốc gia đến năm 2030, tầm nhìn 2045. 20 Aug 2025
  36. NTS-25 Prime Minister. Quyết định 165/QĐ-TTg, Chiến lược phát triển năng lượng hydrogen của Việt Nam đến năm 2030, tầm nhìn 2050. 7 Feb 2024
  37. FTG-16 Prime Minister. Quyết định 165/QĐ-TTg năm 2024 phê duyệt Chiến lược phát triển năng lượng hydrogen của Việt Nam đến năm 2030, tầm nhìn đến năm 2050. 7 Feb 2024
  38. NTS-24 Prime Minister. Quyết định 896/QĐ-TTg, Chiến lược quốc gia về biến đổi khí hậu giai đoạn đến năm 2050. 26 Jul 2022
  39. CLM-01 Prime Minister. Decision 896/QD-TTg approving the National Climate Change Strategy to 2050. 26 Jul 2022
  40. CLM-08 Socialist Republic of Viet Nam. Nationally Determined Contribution, updated 2022. Nov 2022
  41. CLM-02 Prime Minister. Decision 942/QD-TTg approving the methane emission reduction action plan to 2030. 5 Aug 2022
  42. NTS-10 Prime Minister. Quyết định 300/QĐ-TTg, Kế hoạch hành động quốc gia chuyển đổi hệ thống lương thực thực phẩm đến 2030. 28 Mar 2023
  43. NTS-09 Prime Minister. Quyết định 1658/QĐ-TTg, Chiến lược quốc gia về tăng trưởng xanh 2021 to 2030, tầm nhìn 2050. 1 Oct 2021
  44. NTS-29 Prime Minister. Quyết định 1622/QĐ-TTg, Quy hoạch tài nguyên nước 2021 to 2030, tầm nhìn 2050. 27 Dec 2022
  45. NTS-14 National Assembly. Nghị quyết 252/2025/QH15 sửa đổi Nghị quyết 81/2023/QH15. 10 Dec 2025
  46. NTS-16 Prime Minister. Quyết định 02/QĐ-TTg, Chiến lược quốc gia về dinh dưỡng 2021 to 2030, tầm nhìn 2045. 5 Jan 2022
  47. NTS-17 Politburo. Nghị quyết 72-NQ/TW về giải pháp đột phá bảo vệ, chăm sóc và nâng cao sức khỏe nhân dân. Sep 2025
  48. NTS-27 UNDP Climate Promise. Viet Nam. undated
  49. CLM-03 Bao Chinh phu. Thu tuong: Phat thai rong bang 0 vao nam 2050 la su menh va cam ket hanh dong cua Viet Nam. 14 Jan 2026
  50. NTS-11 Prime Minister. Quyết định 222/QĐ-TTg, Kế hoạch hành động quốc gia thực hiện kinh tế tuần hoàn đến năm 2035. 23 Jan 2025
  51. NTS-28 Government. Nghị quyết 41/NQ-CP (11 Mar 2026) and 109/NQ-CP (16 Apr 2026), Chương trình hành động thực hiện Nghị quyết Đại hội XIV. 11 Mar 2026
  52. GT-11 Prime Minister. Quyết định 768/QĐ-TTg năm 2025 phê duyệt Điều chỉnh Quy hoạch phát triển điện lực quốc gia thời kỳ 2021-2030, tầm nhìn đến năm 2050. 15 Apr 2025
  53. FTB-49 Ministry of Science and Technology (mst.gov.vn). Định vị chiến lược công nghệ sinh học quốc gia. 30 Nov 2025
  54. REG-12 GPC Gateway. Vietnam Notifies Draft Law Overhauling National Food Safety Framework. Aug 2026
  55. REG-14 Báo Hải Phòng. Sửa Luật An toàn thực phẩm để bảo đảm an toàn cho người dân. 22 Sep 2026
  56. HUB-09 Ministry of Science and Technology portal. Công nghiệp sinh học mở rộng dư địa đóng góp cho nông nghiệp và môi trường. 21 Aug 2026
  57. HUB-26 Government. Nghị định 263/2026/NĐ-CP về khu nông nghiệp ứng dụng công nghệ cao. 1 Jul 2026
  58. FTG-28 Baker McKenzie. Vietnam: New Offshore Wind and Planning Guidance. 15 Jul 2026
  59. HUB-29 Báo Chính phủ. Đề xuất xây dựng 2 trung tâm công nghiệp, dịch vụ năng lượng tái tạo liên vùng. 31 May 2025
  60. VIS-01 Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries of Denmark. Danish Action Plan for Plant-based Foods. October 2023
  61. VIS-04 The Plant Base. Denmark confirms details of world-first tax on agricultural emissions, commits to long-term plant-based food advocacy. 21 Nov 2024
  62. VIS-03 World Resources Institute. Denmark's Agriculture and Climate Policy Sets Strong Example. 12 Nov 2024
  63. VIS-05 Boterman W.R.. The promissory narratives of the Dutch National Protein Strategy. 17 Jun 2026
  64. VIS-07 USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. Netherlands: Dutch Ministry of Agriculture Launches National Protein Strategy. 22 Dec 2020
  65. VIS-06 Good Food Institute. 2026 State of Global Policy: public investment in protein diversification. April 2026
  66. VIS-24 BMEL (German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture). Eiweißpflanzenstrategie
  67. VIS-48 National Food Strategy (independent review for England). Website and The Plan. July 2021
  68. VIS-16 European Commission, DG AGRI. Reducing the plant protein deficit of the EU
  69. VIS-17 FEFAC. EU Protein Plan
  70. VIS-15 European Commission. Action Plan for resilience, strategic autonomy and sustainability of the EU protein system. 7 Jul 2026
  71. VIS-08 Protein Industries Canada. A Long-Term Roadmap for the Development of Canada's Plant-Based Food, Feed and Ingredient Sector. July 2021
  72. VIS-10 Protein Industries Canada. The Road to $25 Billion
  73. VIS-22 Israel Innovation Authority. Infrastructure for Fermentation of Microorganisms for Nutrients. 3 Jan 2023
  74. VIS-23 Green Queen. Alternative Proteins Could Bring $2.5B to Israel Economy: Report. 21 May 2024
  75. VIS-25 Green Queen. Singapore Food Security Plan Drops '30 By 30' Policy & Lab-Grown Meat. 6 Nov 2025
  76. RGN-08 Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (Singapore). Oral Reply to Parliamentary Question on Revised Local Production Targets. 13 Jan 2026
  77. VIS-14 FoodNavigator. Japan, Korea pour billions into bid for food-tech dominance. 22 Jul 2026
  78. VIS-28 Grand Pinnacle Tribune (evrimagaci.org). South Korea Launches Ambitious FoodTech Master Plan. 6 Jul 2026
  79. VIS-29 USDA FAS GAIN. Grain and Feed Annual, Seoul, Korea. 2025
  80. VIS-11 MAFF Japan. Summary of the Basic Plan for Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas. March 2020
  81. VIS-12 MAFF Japan. 飼料をめぐる情勢（データ版）. August 2026
  82. VIS-13 MAFF Japan. First Basic Plan for Food, Agriculture, and Rural Areas. May 2025
  83. VIS-49 MAFF Japan. MIDORI Strategy for Sustainable Food Systems. 12 May 2021
  84. GEO-10 farmdoc daily (University of Illinois). Can China Reduce Soybean Import Demand? Evaluating Soybean Meal Reduction Efforts. December 2025
  85. GEO-11 South China Morning Post. China failed to hit 2025 soybean meal dependence target. US deal makes it harder. 9 Feb 2026
  86. VIS-30 NXPO. Future food emerges as Thailand's new economic driver. 16 Nov 2023
  87. VIS-18 Aas T.S., Åsgård T., Ytrestøyl T.. Utilization of feed resources in the production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Norway: An update for 2020. 2022
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  89. VIS-20 Nofima. Salmon feed is slowly changing. 19 Apr 2022
  90. VIS-44 Finnish Government. Foresight activities and work on the future
  91. VIS-45 NASATI (vista.gov.vn). Dự báo và lựa chọn những lĩnh vực công nghệ ưu tiên phục vụ xây dựng Chiến lược phát triển khoa học, công nghệ và đổi mới sáng tạo của Việt Nam giai đoạn 2021-2030. 12 Feb 2023
  92. VIS-46 World Bank and Ministry of Planning and Investment of Vietnam. Vietnam 2035: Toward Prosperity, Creativity, Equity, and Democracy. 2016
  93. REG-52 Government. Nghị quyết 189/NQ-CP 2023 Chương trình hành động thực hiện Nghị quyết 36-NQ/TW. 16 Nov 2023
  94. ECF-45 BCG Economy Model (Thailand). Background
  95. RGN-35 NXPO (Office of National Higher Education Science Research and Innovation Policy Council), Thailand. Biotechnology Industry Development Framework B.E. 2569-2578 (Nov 2025; uploaded Apr 2026)
  96. FTB-43 Lim, S., Meerod, W., Hathaichoti, S. and Preedakorn, K.. Thailand's Synthetic Biology Strategy. 2026
  97. ECF-29 Gov.cn. China to nurture emerging, future industries. 5 Mar 2026
  98. ECF-30 China Briefing (Dezan Shira). China's biomanufacturing industry: growth drivers and opportunities. 2 Jan 2026
  99. RGN-56 Sun, H., Jiang, Z., Chen, Z. et al. Effects of fermented unconventional protein feed on pig production in China. 2024
  100. ECF-43 Good Food Institute. 2026 State of Global Policy: public investment in protein diversification. April 2026
  101. ECF-31 Press Information Bureau, Government of India (Ministry of Science and Technology). India: A Global Bioeconomy Powerhouse. 5 Sep 2025
  102. ECF-32 Cabinet Office, Japan. Bioeconomy Strategy. 3 Jun 2024
  103. ECF-33 Korea Biomedical Review. Korea passes world's 1st synthetic bio law. 3 Apr 2025
  104. ECF-34 BioSpectrum Asia. The rise of K-biotech. 1 May 2025
  105. ECF-37 Singapore Economic Development Board. Singapore invests S$37 billion in RIE2030 research plan. December 2025
  106. RGN-19 GFI APAC. State of Play: APAC. June 2025
  107. ECF-35 EuropaBio and partners. Joint statement on regulatory sandboxes under the Biotech Act I and the exclusion of novel foods. 30 Mar 2026
  108. ECF-42 Federation of American Scientists. Translating vision into action: the NSCEB final report and the future of US biotechnology. 2025
  109. HUB-02 Tạp chí Năng lượng Việt Nam. Phê duyệt Kế hoạch thực hiện Điều chỉnh Quy hoạch điện VIII. 2025
  110. FTG-18 Bui, V.T., Pham, M.H., Le, P.T.. Techno-economic analysis of a PV-hydrogen system: a case study in Vietnam. 2026
  111. COST-01 Ministry of Industry and Trade. Decision 1279/QD-BCT on retail electricity prices. 9 May 2025
  112. HUB-04 VnEconomy. Nhu cầu chưa có là 'nút thắt' phát triển năng lượng hydrogen xanh. 24 Jun 2025
  113. HUB-05 CafeLand (from Thanh Niên Việt). Tiến độ mới nhất về nhà máy sản xuất hydro xanh hơn 7.800 tỷ tại Vĩnh Long. 7 May 2026
  114. FTG-20 Hoa Phat Group. Sustainability Report 2025. April 2026
  115. FTG-21 Tạp chí Năng lượng Việt Nam. Thu giữ, lưu trữ, sử dụng CO2 trong hoạt động dầu khí [kỳ cuối]: Giải pháp cho Việt Nam. 13 Mar 2023
  116. HUB-24 Người Quan Sát. Chưa xác định được thời điểm cung cấp khí từ mỏ Cá Voi Xanh, nhiều dự án điện ở Quảng Ngãi bị ảnh hưởng. 25 Jul 2026
  117. FS-01 Dân Việt. Việt Nam đang là nhà cung cấp lớn nhất một thứ tinh bột cho Trung Quốc, năm 2025 bán được gần 3,7 triệu tấn. January 2026
  118. FS-03 Nông nghiệp và Môi trường. Bã sắn cứu cánh ngành chế biến tinh bột sắn. 17 December 2024
  119. HUB-27 Cuong, T.T., Le, H.A., Khai, N.M. et al.. Renewable energy from biomass surplus resource: potential of power generation from rice straw in Vietnam. 2021
  120. HUB-28 Hung, N.V., Nguyen, C.D., Tran, T.V. et al.. Energy efficiency, greenhouse gas emissions, and cost of rice straw collection in the Mekong River Delta of Vietnam. 2016
  121. HUB-15 VASEP. Cà Mau: Sản lượng tôm đạt gần 600.000 tấn, vượt kế hoạch năm 2025. 13 Dec 2025
  122. HUB-13 VnEconomy. Ngành cá tra chuyển tư duy từ 'sản lượng' sang 'giá trị cao'. 31 Dec 2025
  123. HUB-17 VnExpress. C.P. Việt Nam mở rộng năng lực sản xuất thức ăn thủy sản. 14 Aug 2026
  124. IND-43 Tepbac. Ban do FDI nganh thuy san Viet Nam: Ap dao tu cong nghe va von ngoai. 13 May 2026
  125. INF-15 Can Tho University. Danh mục ngành và chỉ tiêu tuyển sinh ĐHCQ. 2026
  126. INF-28 MAE. Decision 1109/QĐ-BNNMT (25 Apr 2025) on the Aquatic Products Trial, Testing and Inspection Centre. 25 Apr 2025
  127. INF-18 MAE. Decision 3064/QĐ-BNNMT on the Central Livestock and Veterinary Trial and Testing Centre I. 4 Aug 2026
  128. FTB-16 Viettel AI. Viettel operates Vietnam's first latest-generation NVIDIA supercomputer. February 2026
  129. HUB-06 Báo Công Thương. TP. Hồ Chí Minh: Thành lập Khu thương mại tự do gắn với cảng biển Cái Mép Hạ. 23 Jul 2026
  130. COST-21 Cushman & Wakefield. Southern Key Economic Zone Industrial MarketBeat Q2 2026. 2026
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  132. CLM-14 Minderhoud P.S.J., Middelkoop H., Erkens G., Stouthamer E.. Groundwater extraction may drown mega-delta: projections of extraction-induced subsidence and elevation of the Mekong delta for the 21st century. Dec 2019
  133. CLM-15 Eslami S., Hoekstra P., Minderhoud P.S.J. et al.. Projections of salt intrusion in a mega-delta under climatic and anthropogenic stressors. 2021
  134. CLM-16 Nguyen-Le D., Nguyen-Xuan T., Nguyen-Duy T., Trinh-Tuan L., Ngo-Duc T.. Assessment of future heat stress in Vietnam using physically based wet-bulb globe temperature and high-resolution downscaled projections. 2026
  135. IND-01 Vedan Vietnam Enterprise Corp. Vedan Vietnam, home page (plants, products, 700 m3 tanks). undated
  136. IND-04 Vedan International (Holdings). Vedan International (Holdings), Milestones (Vietnam plant nameplates 1994-2005)
  137. VCO-16 Dan Tri. TPHCM co to hop ep dau dau nanh quy mo hang dau Dong Nam A. 10 Dec 2025
  138. HUB-14 Nhân Dân. Bước chuyển bền vững cho ngành hàng thủy sản chiến lược. 7 Jun 2026
  139. FS-14 VietnamPlus. Vietnam third-largest cassava exporter, supply chain still faces hurdles. 29 January 2026
  140. HUB-22 VietnamPlus. Cà Mau vươn ra biển lớn: Khai mở 'kho báu điện gió', lựa chọn phát triển xanh. 25 Aug 2026
  141. HUB-19 Báo Chính phủ. Thành lập Khu Công nghệ cao sinh học Hà Nội. 30 Sep 2024
  142. HUB-20 VietnamPlus. Hà Nội phê duyệt Quy hoạch phân khu xây dựng Khu công nghệ cao Sinh học. 4 Jun 2025
  143. INF-25 Hoa Lac Hi-Tech Park, zones page (zone areas; managing board address)
  144. HUB-23 Nông nghiệp và Môi trường. Thủ phủ tôm giống công nghệ cao: [Bài 1] Chiếm hơn 30% sản lượng con giống cả nước. 15 May 2025
  145. HUB-25 Báo Đầu tư. Quảng Ngãi gỡ điểm nghẽn, thúc tiến độ loạt dự án năng lượng quy mô lớn. 23 Jul 2026
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  150. FTG-17 Tạp chí Năng lượng Việt Nam. Báo cáo tình hình thực hiện Chiến lược năng lượng hydrogen ở Việt Nam. 6 Mar 2025
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  154. HUB-12 Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences (VAAS). Phát huy hiệu quả các khu nông nghiệp ứng dụng công nghệ cao. 17 Apr 2023
  155. RGN-36 EECi. Biorefinery Pilot Plant
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  157. INF-01 FIRI, MOIT. Food Industries Research Institute (Viện Công nghiệp Thực phẩm), home page (centres and departments). undated
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  160. CLM-21 Prime Minister. Decision 287/QD-TTg approving the Mekong Delta regional plan 2021 to 2030, vision 2050. 28 Feb 2022
  161. CLM-20 Nguyen A.L., Dang V.H., Bosma R.H., Verreth J.A.J., Leemans R., De Silva S.S.. Simulated impacts of climate change on current farming locations of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. 2014
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