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Chapter 2 · Part I

2. What Vietnam has: raw materials and side streams

Vietnam is rich in fermentable carbohydrate (cassava, rice, sugar) and poor in protein-rich side streams. The carbohydrate is mostly already traded, often to China, and nobody measures the residues. The asset map points to microbial conversion of carbohydrate with added nitrogen, sited where the residues are made.

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  1. 2.1 The shape of the asset base: carbon-rich, protein-poor
  2. 2.2 Cassava: the largest processable carbohydrate, now contested
  3. 2.3 Rice: large, concentrated, and already sold
  4. 2.4 Sugar: a surplus, and a cheap clean carbon source
  5. 2.5 Protein-bearing side streams: real, but small
  6. 2.6 Crops for plant protein
  7. 2.7 Aquatic and fungal biomass: promising, unmeasured
  8. 2.8 Energy and gases
  9. 2.9 Five rules from the asset map

In one paragraph. Vietnam's biological raw materials are dominated by carbohydrate: about 10 Mt of cassava roots grown and roughly 8 Mt more imported for processing, 43.5 Mt of paddy rice, and a sugar industry in surplus. Protein-rich side streams (brewer's spent grain, okara, seafood by-products) are small next to a feed sector that uses 7.2 Mt of soybean meal a year. The largest single residue is cassava pulp at starch factories, which we estimate at about 6 Mt wet a year (about 1.3 Mt dry matter), clustered in Tay Ninh. But the pulp has almost no protein, cassava roots rose about 75% in price in a year, and a new fuel-ethanol mandate now competes for the crop. Three rules follow: residues are traded, not free; wet residues must be used where they are made; and any protein route from Vietnamese carbon must buy nitrogen.

about 6 Mt wet
Cassava pulp from starch factories
2025Our calculation
Context and sources

Our 2025 estimate from Thai factory ratios and Vietnamese starch output: range 4 to 8 Mt wet, about 1.3 Mt dry matter. Pulp holds only 1.5% to 2.6% protein, so it is a carbon source. 1,2,3,4

65 to 68 factories
Cassava starch factories in Tay Ninh
2025
Context and sources

Tay Ninh, which now includes former Long An, has about 6.4 Mt a year of root capacity (2024 to 2025 reports), the largest cassava cluster and the natural site for pulp-based fermentation. 5,6

about 75%
Rise in fresh cassava root prices in a year
Apr 2026
Context and sources

Fresh roots at 30% starch reached VND 3,000 to 3,550 per kg in April 2026, about 75% above April 2025, after a supply shortfall. The E10 fuel-ethanol mandate, in force from June 2026, adds a new buyer. 7,8

2.1 The shape of the asset base: carbon-rich, protein-poor

The streams that could become protein, or feed a protein process, fall into four groups. Full data sheets for 34 streams are in Feedstock data sheets.

GroupLargest streams (2025 unless stated)Protein contentWhat it is todayConfidence
Starch and sugarCassava roots 10.24 Mt grown 4; cassava pulp about 6 Mt wet (derived) 1,2; paddy 43.5 Mt 9; broken rice (0.87 Mt of 100% broken exported) 10; sugarcane 13.3 Mt crushed, 1.30 Mt sugar (2025/26) 11,12Very low (pulp 1.5% to 2.6% of dry matter)Traded commodities or low-value feed
Protein-bearing residuesBrewer's spent grain up to 0.8 to 0.9 Mt wet (derived) 13,14; okara up to 0.6 Mt wet (derived) 15,16; rice distillers' grain (volume unknown) 17; seafood by-products (pangasius about 68% of the fish) 1820% to 80% of dry matterCattle and pig feed, fishmeal, some export
Oil and nut cropsPeanut about 380 kt, only 35 kt crushed; copra 31 kt crushed 16; cashew processing (volumes not established)Press cakes 35% to 50%Small, scattered, mostly food
Aquatic and fungal biomassSeaweed, spirulina, duckweed, mushrooms: no reliable national volumes 19,20,2120% to 65%Health food, research collections

For scale: the entire protein content of Vietnam's brewer's spent grain (at most about 35 kt a year) and okara (at most about 40 kt a year) is about 2% of the protein in the soybean meal the feed sector uses (derived from 13,15,22). Local protein-rich residues cannot replace imported soybean meal at scale. Only microbial conversion of carbohydrate streams, or new protein crops, have the volume to matter.

Carbon-rich, protein-poor

Annual volumes of Vietnamese raw materials and side streams, million tonnes (2025)

Carbon-rich, protein-poorRange bars comparing paddy 43.5 Mt, sugarcane 13.3 Mt, cassava roots 10.2 Mt, cassava pulp about 4 to 8 Mt wet, rice bran 4.35 Mt, spent grain under 1 Mt, against 7.2 Mt of soybean meal fed.Protein content:GrainNoneLowVery low11 to 17% proteinProtein-bearingSoybean meal fed (reference)Lighter segment: range, low to high02468101214Million tonnes a year (Mt)Soybean meal fed, 7.2 MtPaddy ricePaddy rice: 43.5 Mt Protein: grain Basis: harvest Year: 2,025 Confidence: High43.5 MtSugarcane crushedSugarcane crushed: 13.3 Mt Protein: none Basis: crushed Year: 2025/26 Confidence: High13.3 MtCassava roots (grown)Cassava roots (grown): 10.24 Mt Protein: low Basis: harvest Year: 2,025 Confidence: High10.24 MtCassava roots (imported forprocessing)Cassava roots (imported for processing): 8 Mt Protein: low Basis: roughly Year: 2,025 Confidence: Medium8 MtSoybean meal fed (benchmark)Soybean meal fed (benchmark): 7.2 Mt Protein: about 46% crude protein Basis: feed use Year: 2,025 Confidence: High7.2 MtCassava pulpCassava pulp: 4 to 8 Mt Protein: very low Basis: wet, derived (central about 6) Year: 2,025 Confidence: Medium4 to 8 MtRice branRice bran: 4.35 Mt Protein: 11 to 17% protein Basis: derived at 10% of paddy Year: 2,025 Confidence: Medium4.35 MtSugarSugar: 1.30 Mt Protein: none Basis: produced Year: 2025/26 Confidence: High1.30 MtBrewer's spent grainBrewer's spent grain: 0.8 to 0.9 Mt Protein: protein-bearing Basis: wet, derived Year: 2,025 Confidence: Low0.8 to 0.9 MtMolassesMolasses: 0.55 to 0.72 Mt Protein: none Basis: estimated from yield ratios Year: 2,025 Confidence: Low0.55 to 0.72 MtOkaraOkara: 0 to 0.6 Mt Protein: protein-bearing Basis: wet, derived upper bound Year: 2,025 Confidence: Low0 to 0.6 Mt

Sources: 9,11,4,22,1,2,23,13,14,24,15,16

Show dataHide data
Carbon-rich, protein-poor
StreamLow (Mt)High (Mt)BasisYearProteinConfidence
Paddy rice43.543.5harvest2025grainHigh
Sugarcane crushed13.313.3crushed2025/26noneHigh
Cassava roots (grown)10.2410.24harvest2025lowHigh
Cassava roots (imported for processing)88roughly2025lowMedium
Soybean meal fed (benchmark)7.27.2feed use2025about 46% crude proteinHigh
Cassava pulp48wet, derived (central about 6)2025very lowMedium
Rice bran4.354.35derived at 10% of paddy202511 to 17% proteinMedium
Sugar1.301.30produced2025/26noneHigh
Brewer's spent grain0.80.9wet, derived2025protein-bearingLow
Molasses0.550.72estimated from yield ratios2025noneLow
Okara00.6wet, derived upper bound2025protein-bearingLow

2.2 Cassava: the largest processable carbohydrate, now contested

The crop. Vietnam harvested 10.24 Mt of fresh cassava roots from 499,100 ha in 2025, down 18,600 ha from 2024 4 . Factories processed more than 18 Mt in total, about 42% of it (roughly 8 Mt) imported from Cambodia and Laos 25 . About 85% of roots go to industry: starch, ethanol, monosodium glutamate (MSG) and others 26 .

The factories. Estimates of the number of industrial starch factories range from about 100 (Ministry of Industry and Trade, 2021) to about 120 in 27 provinces (ASEAN Cassava Centre, 2023) and "150+" (Vietnam Cassava Association, 2025) 27,28,6 . The ASEAN Cassava Centre gives 11.3 Mt of design capacity and 8.62 Mt of actual root capacity 28. Tay Ninh alone has 65 to 68 factories and 6.4 Mt a year of root capacity 5,6 . Tay Ninh now includes the former Long An province (see P. Admin map).

Exports to China. Vietnam exported about 2.28 Mt of cassava starch in the first 11 months of 2025 (+70%), becoming China's largest supplier, and 3.99 Mt of cassava products worth USD 1.27 billion over the year 4,29 . China took more than 92% 4 .

The pulp. Nobody publishes the national tonnage of cassava pulp (bã sắn or bã mì). Using a Thai factory material balance (4.4 t of roots and 2.5 t of wet pulp per tonne of starch, at about 80% moisture) and Vietnam's 2025 starch output, we estimate about 6 Mt of wet pulp in 2025, range 4 to 8 Mt, or about 0.8 to 1.7 Mt of dry matter (our calculation from 1,2,3,4) . Pulp volume moves with starch exports: the 2024 equivalent was only about 3.7 Mt wet.

Composition. Pulp is 37% to 75% starch and only 1.5% to 2.6% crude protein on a dry basis 30,31,32 . All the pulp in Vietnam holds only about 20 to 35 kt of protein (our calculation). It is a carbon source, not a protein source: any microbial protein grown on it needs nitrogen bought in.

Price. No current gate price is published. The only 2024 signal is an implied value of about VND 1,700/kg from one Tay Ninh factory's pulp revenue 5 . Pulp is already sold to cattle and pig farms, dried for feed mills, pelleted, or digested for biogas 5,33,34 .

Cassava is no longer cheap. By April 2026 fresh-root prices were VND 3,000 to 3,550/kg (30% starch) in Tay Ninh, Dak Lak, Quang Ngai and Gia Lai, about 75% above April 2025. Starch rose from USD 405 to 415/t FOB in January 2026 to USD 520 to 540/t in April 7,8 . Vedan, the largest cassava-based fermenter, reported that cassava prices "rose sharply" from the fourth quarter of 2025 through the first half of 2026 35 .

A new competing buyer. E10 gasoline has been mandatory nationwide since 1 June 2026 36 . Three fuel-ethanol plants (Dung Quat in Quang Ngai, the Quang Nam plant now in Da Nang, and Tung Lam in Dong Nai) run at a combined 830 m3 a day, and one is moving part of its feedstock to imported maize 37 . About 80% of E10 ethanol was still imported in mid-2026 38 . Any plan that assumes cheap cassava roots should be stress-tested against this.

2.3 Rice: large, concentrated, and already sold

  • Paddy and bran. Vietnam harvested 43.5 Mt of paddy in 2025 9 . Bran is about 4.35 Mt a year at 10% of paddy (derived from 23). In 2025, 1.2 Mt of bran was exported (double 2024, mostly to China) and about 2.8 Mt of bran plus broken rice went into domestic feed 10 . Bran sold for VND 7,300 to 7,650/kg in An Giang on 19 September 2026 39 . Full-fat bran is 11% to 17% protein and 12% to 24% oil 40 .
  • Broken rice. Vietnam exported 0.87 Mt of 100% broken rice in 2025 10. On 19 September 2026, 100% broken rice sold at USD 368 to 372/t FOB against USD 440 to 445/t for 5% broken 39 . Broken rice is a food-grade starch at a commodity price, and the total volume is not published.
  • Rice distillers' grain. Vietnamese research shows dried distillers' grain from rice ethanol and rice liquor holds 55% to 80% protein on a dry basis, and alkaline extraction recovered 90% of it 17,41 . The national volume of this stream is unknown. It is one of the few protein-rich residues with published Vietnamese extraction data.

Reading. Rice bran and broken rice are not free residues. They are traded feed and food commodities with export demand. A rice-protein business in Vietnam buys its raw material at market prices.

2.4 Sugar: a surplus, and a cheap clean carbon source

The 2025/26 crop crushed 13.3 Mt of cane for 1.298 Mt of sugar across about 25 mills 11,12,42 . Domestic refined sugar sold for about VND 16,505/kg in mid-2026, a three-year low and below prices in China, Indonesia and the Philippines 11,12 . Molasses volume is not published; we estimate 0.55 to 0.72 Mt a year from Indian yield ratios 24 . Earlier drafts treated Vietnam as short of sugar for fermentation. On 2026 prices, surplus domestic sugar and broken rice are both clean, food-grade carbon sources worth comparing against residues that need pre-treatment.

2.5 Protein-bearing side streams: real, but small

  • Brewer's spent grain (bã bia). Beer output of more than 4 to 4.4 billion litres a year implies at most 0.8 to 0.9 Mt of wet spent grain, about 32 to 35 kt of protein (derived from 13,14,43) . Two groups dominate: Heineken (43%) and Sabeco (33.9%) held about 77% of the 2023 beer market 43 . Entobel's insect plant in Ho Chi Minh City (former Ba Ria-Vung Tau) uses Heineken Vietnam by-products 44,45 . Fresh spent grain spoils in two to three days 46 .
  • Okara (bã đậu nành). Vietnam uses about 550 kt of soybeans for food a year 16. At 1.1 to 1.2 kg of wet okara per kg of beans, that gives at most 0.6 to 0.66 Mt of wet okara (derived from 15,47) . It is scattered across many tofu and soy-milk makers, and its protein was already imported as soybeans.
  • Seafood processing by-products. Filleting uses 3.1 kg of pangasius per kg of fillet, so about 68% of the fish becomes by-product 18 . Shrimp heads carry up to 65% protein on a dry basis 48 . These are animal-origin streams: benchmarks and competitors for alternative protein in feed, not alternative-protein feedstocks. Vietnam exported USD 430 million of fishmeal in 2023, 93.5% to China 49 .
  • Fermentation co-products. Vedan's "fertiliser and feed" segment earned USD 27.1 million in 2025 35, and Ajinomoto Vietnam sells liquid and solid feed ingredients made from fermentation broth, with a permitted liquid capacity of 30,000 m3 a year rising to a proposed 50,000 50 . Chinese bacterial biomass from glutamic-acid fermentation, at least 70% crude protein, is already imported and sold as a feed protein in Vietnam 51,52 . Whether Vietnamese MSG plants make a similar protein-rich biomass stream is an open question worth one phone call.

2.6 Crops for plant protein

Vietnam has no large protein crop of its own.

  • Soybean: about 42,000 t on 26,000 ha, falling 16 .
  • Peanut: about 380 kt, of which only 35 kt is crushed 16 .
  • Coconut: only 31 kt of copra crushed a year 16 .
  • Mung bean (đậu xanh): national production was not established. Vietnam imported USD 138 million of dried mung and black gram beans in 2023, 65% from Myanmar 53 . Mung bean is the main protein ingredient in mass-market đồ chay fillings (Alt protein today), so even "domestic" chay protein is partly regional imports.
  • Cashew: Vietnam is the world's largest cashew processor, largely from imported raw nuts. Broken-kernel tonnage was not established.
  • Coffee pulp: about 450 kt of dried pulp a year (2016 basis), mostly burned in dryers or used as fertiliser; caffeine limits its use as feed 54 .

Reading. A domestic plant-protein ingredient industry cannot rest on a Vietnamese protein crop today. It would process imported beans (as soy-milk and tofu makers already do), or use rice and mung bean at a cost premium, or grow a new crop.

2.7 Aquatic and fungal biomass: promising, unmeasured

  • Seaweed: 827 recorded species; the commercially important genera (Caulerpa, Sargassum, Gracilaria, Ulva, Kappaphycus) concentrate in Khanh Hoa (including former Ninh Thuan). No production volume was found 19 .
  • Spirulina: small health-food producers. Vinh Hao in Lam Dong (former Binh Thuan) reports more than 12,000 m2 of ponds and about 17 t a year (2013 figure); VN Vastcom in Nghe An about 5 t a year dry (2023) 55,56 .
  • Duckweed: Vietnamese researchers hold a collection of more than 100 wild duckweed samples (Spirodela, Lemna, Wolffia) 57 , but we found no commercial cultivation, only feed trials 20 . Duckweed (bèo) is already on the permitted livestock feed list (Rules). Planning yields should use 10 to 30 t of dry matter per hectare per year until Vietnamese field data exist 58,59 .
  • Mushrooms: a large smallholder sector on rice straw and sawdust; national output and spent-substrate volumes were not verified in this study 21 .

Any plan built on these streams starts with primary data collection.

2.8 Energy and gases

Industrial power costs about USD 0.073 to 0.081/kWh for a plant running around the clock (Economics). The grid emits about 0.66 kg of CO2 per kWh (2023 official factor) 60 , so power-intensive processes carry a high carbon footprint unless they buy renewable power. The revised national power plan targets 28% to 36% non-hydro renewable electricity by 2030 61 . Biogas from cassava starch wastewater is widespread but unquantified, and one ethanol plant is studying methanol from captured CO2 27,37 . Gas-fermentation routes therefore have feedstocks in principle, but no measured supply.

2.9 Five rules from the asset map

  1. Carbon is abundant; nitrogen and protein are scarce. Microbial protein from Vietnamese carbohydrate needs purchased nitrogen (urea was about USD 425/t at Phu My in March 2026, and world urea spiked to USD 726/t 62,63 ).
  2. Residues are traded, not free. Bran, broken rice, pulp, spent grain and okara all have buyers. Model them at a positive price per tonne of dry matter.
  3. Wet residues must be used where they are made. Pulp, spent grain and okara spoil in days (pulp ensiles well in pits 30). This argues for co-location with a starch factory, brewery or soy plant.
  4. Volumes swing with China. Cassava pulp in 2024 was about 60% of the 2025 volume because starch exports to China jumped. Supply contracts need several factories or storage.
  5. Nobody measures by-products. No agency publishes national data on starch output, pulp, spent grain, okara, molasses or seafood by-products. A one-page annual return from starch factories, breweries, sugar mills and seafood processors would make the circular-economy case investable (see Policy options).

Where the raw materials are

Main locations of feedstocks and side streams on the 34-unit map (from 1 July 2025)

Where the raw materials areMap of Vietnam showing cassava concentrated in Tay Ninh and the Central Highlands, rice and aquaculture by-products in the Mekong Delta, and breweries near Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi.CassavaRiceSugarcaneSoy and brewingNuts, oilseeds and coffeeAquaticOther crops and residuesLocation not sourced or not verifiedCassava roots (domestic harvest)Cassava roots and chips importedCassava starch (native)Cassava pulp (starch residue)Cassava chips (dried)Fuel ethanol (cassava/corn)Rice paddyRice branBroken riceRice huskSugarcane (crushed)Brewer's spent grainSoybean (domestic)PeanutCoconutCoffee pulp/huskCashew appleSeafood processing by-productsSeaweed (farmed and wild)SpirulinaDuckweed / WolffiaMushroom spent substrateMaize (domestic)Son LaBac NinhHa NoiHai PhongHung YenThanh HoaNghe AnHa TinhQuang TriHueDa NangQuang NgaiGia LaiDak LakKhanh HoaLam DongDong NaiHo Chi Minh CityTay NinhDong ThapVinh LongAn GiangCan ThoCa MauRegion named, no province givenNorthern uplandsRed River DeltaCentral HighlandsMekong DeltaTay Ninh: Cassava roots (domestic harvest) Annual volume: 10.24 Mt fresh roots Former units: Tay Ninh; Gia Lai (+Binh Dinh); Dak Lak (+Phu Yen); Quang Ngai (+Kon Tum); Binh Phuoc (now Dong Nai) Locations listed: Tay Ninh; Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Quang Ngai; Dong Nai; Son La; Thanh HoaGia Lai: Cassava roots (domestic harvest) Annual volume: 10.24 Mt fresh roots Former units: Tay Ninh; Gia Lai (+Binh Dinh); Dak Lak (+Phu Yen); Quang Ngai (+Kon Tum); Binh Phuoc (now Dong Nai) Locations listed: Tay Ninh; Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Quang Ngai; Dong Nai; Son La; Thanh HoaDak Lak: Cassava roots (domestic harvest) Annual volume: 10.24 Mt fresh roots Former units: Tay Ninh; Gia Lai (+Binh Dinh); Dak Lak (+Phu Yen); Quang Ngai (+Kon Tum); Binh Phuoc (now Dong Nai) Locations listed: Tay Ninh; Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Quang Ngai; Dong Nai; Son La; Thanh HoaQuang Ngai: Cassava roots (domestic harvest) Annual volume: 10.24 Mt fresh roots Former units: Tay Ninh; Gia Lai (+Binh Dinh); Dak Lak (+Phu Yen); Quang Ngai (+Kon Tum); Binh Phuoc (now Dong Nai) Locations listed: Tay Ninh; Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Quang Ngai; Dong Nai; Son La; Thanh HoaDong Nai: Cassava roots (domestic harvest) Annual volume: 10.24 Mt fresh roots Former units: Tay Ninh; Gia Lai (+Binh Dinh); Dak Lak (+Phu Yen); Quang Ngai (+Kon Tum); Binh Phuoc (now Dong Nai) Locations listed: Tay Ninh; Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Quang Ngai; Dong Nai; Son La; Thanh HoaSon La: Cassava roots (domestic harvest) Annual volume: 10.24 Mt fresh roots Former units: Tay Ninh; Gia Lai (+Binh Dinh); Dak Lak (+Phu Yen); Quang Ngai (+Kon Tum); Binh Phuoc (now Dong Nai) Locations listed: Tay Ninh; Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Quang Ngai; Dong Nai; Son La; Thanh HoaThanh Hoa: Cassava roots (domestic harvest) Annual volume: 10.24 Mt fresh roots Former units: Tay Ninh; Gia Lai (+Binh Dinh); Dak Lak (+Phu Yen); Quang Ngai (+Kon Tum); Binh Phuoc (now Dong Nai) Locations listed: Tay Ninh; Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Quang Ngai; Dong Nai; Son La; Thanh HoaTay Ninh: Cassava roots and chips imported Annual volume: ~8 Mt fresh-root equivalent Former units: Tay Ninh (+Long An); Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Quang Tri (+Quang Binh) Locations listed: Border provinces: Tay Ninh; Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Quang TriGia Lai: Cassava roots and chips imported Annual volume: ~8 Mt fresh-root equivalent Former units: Tay Ninh (+Long An); Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Quang Tri (+Quang Binh) Locations listed: Border provinces: Tay Ninh; Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Quang TriDak Lak: Cassava roots and chips imported Annual volume: ~8 Mt fresh-root equivalent Former units: Tay Ninh (+Long An); Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Quang Tri (+Quang Binh) Locations listed: Border provinces: Tay Ninh; Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Quang TriQuang Tri: Cassava roots and chips imported Annual volume: ~8 Mt fresh-root equivalent Former units: Tay Ninh (+Long An); Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Quang Tri (+Quang Binh) Locations listed: Border provinces: Tay Ninh; Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Quang TriTay Ninh: Cassava starch (native) Annual volume: 2.28 (exports, 11 months) Mt starch Former units: see cassava roots Locations listed: Tay Ninh; Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Quang Ngai; Dong Nai; Son LaGia Lai: Cassava starch (native) Annual volume: 2.28 (exports, 11 months) Mt starch Former units: see cassava roots Locations listed: Tay Ninh; Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Quang Ngai; Dong Nai; Son LaDak Lak: Cassava starch (native) Annual volume: 2.28 (exports, 11 months) Mt starch Former units: see cassava roots Locations listed: Tay Ninh; Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Quang Ngai; Dong Nai; Son LaQuang Ngai: Cassava starch (native) Annual volume: 2.28 (exports, 11 months) Mt starch Former units: see cassava roots Locations listed: Tay Ninh; Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Quang Ngai; Dong Nai; Son LaDong Nai: Cassava starch (native) Annual volume: 2.28 (exports, 11 months) Mt starch Former units: see cassava roots Locations listed: Tay Ninh; Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Quang Ngai; Dong Nai; Son LaSon La: Cassava starch (native) Annual volume: 2.28 (exports, 11 months) Mt starch Former units: see cassava roots Locations listed: Tay Ninh; Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Quang Ngai; Dong Nai; Son LaTay Ninh: Cassava pulp (starch residue) Annual volume: ~6.2 (derived; range 4-8) Mt wet (~80% moisture); ~1.3 Mt dry matter Former units: Tay Ninh; Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Kon Tum; Binh Phuoc; Son La Locations listed: Same as starch factories; largest cluster Tay NinhGia Lai: Cassava chips (dried) Annual volume: 0.96 (exports, 10-11 months) Mt Former units: Binh Dinh; Gia Lai; Kon Tum; Dak Lak Locations listed: Gia Lai (Quy Nhon port area, former Binh Dinh); Central HighlandsCentral Highlands: Cassava chips (dried) Annual volume: 0.96 (exports, 10-11 months) Mt Former units: Binh Dinh; Gia Lai; Kon Tum; Dak Lak Locations listed: Gia Lai (Quy Nhon port area, former Binh Dinh); Central HighlandsQuang Ngai: Fuel ethanol (cassava/corn) Annual volume: ~277,000 m3/yr capacity (830 m3/day, 3 plants) Former units: Quang Ngai; Quang Nam; Dong Nai Locations listed: Quang Ngai (Dung Quat); Da Nang (Quang Nam plant); Dong NaiDa Nang: Fuel ethanol (cassava/corn) Annual volume: ~277,000 m3/yr capacity (830 m3/day, 3 plants) Former units: Quang Ngai; Quang Nam; Dong Nai Locations listed: Quang Ngai (Dung Quat); Da Nang (Quang Nam plant); Dong NaiDong Nai: Fuel ethanol (cassava/corn) Annual volume: ~277,000 m3/yr capacity (830 m3/day, 3 plants) Former units: Quang Ngai; Quang Nam; Dong Nai Locations listed: Quang Ngai (Dung Quat); Da Nang (Quang Nam plant); Dong NaiAn Giang: Rice paddy Annual volume: 43.5 Mt paddy Former units: An Giang (+Kien Giang); Dong Thap (+Tien Giang); Can Tho (+Soc Trang, Hau Giang); Vinh Long (+Tra Vinh, Ben Tre); Long An (now Tay Ninh); Ca Mau (+Bac Lieu) Locations listed: An Giang; Dong Thap; Can Tho; Vinh Long; Tay Ninh; Ca Mau; Red River Delta provincesDong Thap: Rice paddy Annual volume: 43.5 Mt paddy Former units: An Giang (+Kien Giang); Dong Thap (+Tien Giang); Can Tho (+Soc Trang, Hau Giang); Vinh Long (+Tra Vinh, Ben Tre); Long An (now Tay Ninh); Ca Mau (+Bac Lieu) Locations listed: An Giang; Dong Thap; Can Tho; Vinh Long; Tay Ninh; Ca Mau; Red River Delta provincesCan Tho: Rice paddy Annual volume: 43.5 Mt paddy Former units: An Giang (+Kien Giang); Dong Thap (+Tien Giang); Can Tho (+Soc Trang, Hau Giang); Vinh Long (+Tra Vinh, Ben Tre); Long An (now Tay Ninh); Ca Mau (+Bac Lieu) Locations listed: An Giang; Dong Thap; Can Tho; Vinh Long; Tay Ninh; Ca Mau; Red River Delta provincesVinh Long: Rice paddy Annual volume: 43.5 Mt paddy Former units: An Giang (+Kien Giang); Dong Thap (+Tien Giang); Can Tho (+Soc Trang, Hau Giang); Vinh Long (+Tra Vinh, Ben Tre); Long An (now Tay Ninh); Ca Mau (+Bac Lieu) Locations listed: An Giang; Dong Thap; Can Tho; Vinh Long; Tay Ninh; Ca Mau; Red River Delta provincesTay Ninh: Rice paddy Annual volume: 43.5 Mt paddy Former units: An Giang (+Kien Giang); Dong Thap (+Tien Giang); Can Tho (+Soc Trang, Hau Giang); Vinh Long (+Tra Vinh, Ben Tre); Long An (now Tay Ninh); Ca Mau (+Bac Lieu) Locations listed: An Giang; Dong Thap; Can Tho; Vinh Long; Tay Ninh; Ca Mau; Red River Delta provincesCa Mau: Rice paddy Annual volume: 43.5 Mt paddy Former units: An Giang (+Kien Giang); Dong Thap (+Tien Giang); Can Tho (+Soc Trang, Hau Giang); Vinh Long (+Tra Vinh, Ben Tre); Long An (now Tay Ninh); Ca Mau (+Bac Lieu) Locations listed: An Giang; Dong Thap; Can Tho; Vinh Long; Tay Ninh; Ca Mau; Red River Delta provincesRed River Delta: Rice paddy Annual volume: 43.5 Mt paddy Former units: An Giang (+Kien Giang); Dong Thap (+Tien Giang); Can Tho (+Soc Trang, Hau Giang); Vinh Long (+Tra Vinh, Ben Tre); Long An (now Tay Ninh); Ca Mau (+Bac Lieu) Locations listed: An Giang; Dong Thap; Can Tho; Vinh Long; Tay Ninh; Ca Mau; Red River Delta provincesDong Thap: Rice bran Annual volume: ~4.35 (derived); ~5 (claimed) Mt Former units: An Giang; Kien Giang; Dong Thap; Tien Giang; Can Tho Locations listed: Mekong Delta mills (An Giang, Dong Thap, Can Tho)An Giang: Rice bran Annual volume: ~4.35 (derived); ~5 (claimed) Mt Former units: An Giang; Kien Giang; Dong Thap; Tien Giang; Can Tho Locations listed: Mekong Delta mills (An Giang, Dong Thap, Can Tho)Can Tho: Rice bran Annual volume: ~4.35 (derived); ~5 (claimed) Mt Former units: An Giang; Kien Giang; Dong Thap; Tien Giang; Can Tho Locations listed: Mekong Delta mills (An Giang, Dong Thap, Can Tho)Mekong Delta: Broken rice Annual volume: 0.87 (100% broken exports only); total not established Mt Locations listed: Mekong Delta millsMekong Delta: Rice husk Annual volume: ~8.7 (derived) Mt Locations listed: Mekong DeltaGia Lai: Sugarcane (crushed) Annual volume: 13.3 Mt cane Former units: Gia Lai (+Binh Dinh); Phu Yen (now Dak Lak); Thanh Hoa; Tay Ninh; Nghe An Locations listed: Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Thanh Hoa; Tay Ninh; Nghe AnDak Lak: Sugarcane (crushed) Annual volume: 13.3 Mt cane Former units: Gia Lai (+Binh Dinh); Phu Yen (now Dak Lak); Thanh Hoa; Tay Ninh; Nghe An Locations listed: Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Thanh Hoa; Tay Ninh; Nghe AnThanh Hoa: Sugarcane (crushed) Annual volume: 13.3 Mt cane Former units: Gia Lai (+Binh Dinh); Phu Yen (now Dak Lak); Thanh Hoa; Tay Ninh; Nghe An Locations listed: Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Thanh Hoa; Tay Ninh; Nghe AnTay Ninh: Sugarcane (crushed) Annual volume: 13.3 Mt cane Former units: Gia Lai (+Binh Dinh); Phu Yen (now Dak Lak); Thanh Hoa; Tay Ninh; Nghe An Locations listed: Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Thanh Hoa; Tay Ninh; Nghe AnNghe An: Sugarcane (crushed) Annual volume: 13.3 Mt cane Former units: Gia Lai (+Binh Dinh); Phu Yen (now Dak Lak); Thanh Hoa; Tay Ninh; Nghe An Locations listed: Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Thanh Hoa; Tay Ninh; Nghe AnHo Chi Minh City: Brewer's spent grain Annual volume: 0.80-0.88 (derived, upper bound) Mt wet (~80% moisture); 160-176 kt DM Locations listed: HCMC; Hanoi; Bac Ninh; Dong Nai; Hai Phong; Hung Yen and other brewery sitesHa Noi: Brewer's spent grain Annual volume: 0.80-0.88 (derived, upper bound) Mt wet (~80% moisture); 160-176 kt DM Locations listed: HCMC; Hanoi; Bac Ninh; Dong Nai; Hai Phong; Hung Yen and other brewery sitesBac Ninh: Brewer's spent grain Annual volume: 0.80-0.88 (derived, upper bound) Mt wet (~80% moisture); 160-176 kt DM Locations listed: HCMC; Hanoi; Bac Ninh; Dong Nai; Hai Phong; Hung Yen and other brewery sitesDong Nai: Brewer's spent grain Annual volume: 0.80-0.88 (derived, upper bound) Mt wet (~80% moisture); 160-176 kt DM Locations listed: HCMC; Hanoi; Bac Ninh; Dong Nai; Hai Phong; Hung Yen and other brewery sitesHai Phong: Brewer's spent grain Annual volume: 0.80-0.88 (derived, upper bound) Mt wet (~80% moisture); 160-176 kt DM Locations listed: HCMC; Hanoi; Bac Ninh; Dong Nai; Hai Phong; Hung Yen and other brewery sitesHung Yen: Brewer's spent grain Annual volume: 0.80-0.88 (derived, upper bound) Mt wet (~80% moisture); 160-176 kt DM Locations listed: HCMC; Hanoi; Bac Ninh; Dong Nai; Hai Phong; Hung Yen and other brewery sitesNorthern uplands: Soybean (domestic) Annual volume: 42 kt t Locations listed: Northern uplands and Central Highlands (not sourced)Central Highlands: Soybean (domestic) Annual volume: 42 kt t Locations listed: Northern uplands and Central Highlands (not sourced)Nghe An: Peanut Annual volume: 380 kt Locations listed: Nghe An; Ha Tinh; Tay Ninh (not sourced)Ha Tinh: Peanut Annual volume: 380 kt Locations listed: Nghe An; Ha Tinh; Tay Ninh (not sourced)Tay Ninh: Peanut Annual volume: 380 kt Locations listed: Nghe An; Ha Tinh; Tay Ninh (not sourced)Vinh Long: Coconut Annual volume: 1.728 Mt nuts (USDA unit) Former units: Ben Tre; Tra Vinh Locations listed: Vinh Long (commonly cited, not verified)Dak Lak: Coffee pulp/husk Annual volume: ~450 (2016 basis) kt dried pulp Former units: Dak Lak; Lam Dong (+Dak Nong); Gia Lai Locations listed: Dak Lak; Lam Dong; Gia LaiLam Dong: Coffee pulp/husk Annual volume: ~450 (2016 basis) kt dried pulp Former units: Dak Lak; Lam Dong (+Dak Nong); Gia Lai Locations listed: Dak Lak; Lam Dong; Gia LaiGia Lai: Coffee pulp/husk Annual volume: ~450 (2016 basis) kt dried pulp Former units: Dak Lak; Lam Dong (+Dak Nong); Gia Lai Locations listed: Dak Lak; Lam Dong; Gia LaiDong Nai: Cashew apple Annual volume: not established t Former units: Binh Phuoc; Dak Nong; Binh Thuan Locations listed: Dong Nai; Lam Dong; Dak Lak (not sourced)Lam Dong: Cashew apple Annual volume: not established t Former units: Binh Phuoc; Dak Nong; Binh Thuan Locations listed: Dong Nai; Lam Dong; Dak Lak (not sourced)Dak Lak: Cashew apple Annual volume: not established t Former units: Binh Phuoc; Dak Nong; Binh Thuan Locations listed: Dong Nai; Lam Dong; Dak Lak (not sourced)Can Tho: Seafood processing by-products Annual volume: not established (prior lead ~1 Mt) Mt Former units: Can Tho; Dong Thap; An Giang; Ben Tre; Soc Trang; Ca Mau Locations listed: Can Tho; Dong Thap; An Giang; Vinh Long; Ca Mau; Khanh HoaDong Thap: Seafood processing by-products Annual volume: not established (prior lead ~1 Mt) Mt Former units: Can Tho; Dong Thap; An Giang; Ben Tre; Soc Trang; Ca Mau Locations listed: Can Tho; Dong Thap; An Giang; Vinh Long; Ca Mau; Khanh HoaAn Giang: Seafood processing by-products Annual volume: not established (prior lead ~1 Mt) Mt Former units: Can Tho; Dong Thap; An Giang; Ben Tre; Soc Trang; Ca Mau Locations listed: Can Tho; Dong Thap; An Giang; Vinh Long; Ca Mau; Khanh HoaVinh Long: Seafood processing by-products Annual volume: not established (prior lead ~1 Mt) Mt Former units: Can Tho; Dong Thap; An Giang; Ben Tre; Soc Trang; Ca Mau Locations listed: Can Tho; Dong Thap; An Giang; Vinh Long; Ca Mau; Khanh HoaCa Mau: Seafood processing by-products Annual volume: not established (prior lead ~1 Mt) Mt Former units: Can Tho; Dong Thap; An Giang; Ben Tre; Soc Trang; Ca Mau Locations listed: Can Tho; Dong Thap; An Giang; Vinh Long; Ca Mau; Khanh HoaKhanh Hoa: Seafood processing by-products Annual volume: not established (prior lead ~1 Mt) Mt Former units: Can Tho; Dong Thap; An Giang; Ben Tre; Soc Trang; Ca Mau Locations listed: Can Tho; Dong Thap; An Giang; Vinh Long; Ca Mau; Khanh HoaKhanh Hoa: Seaweed (farmed and wild) Annual volume: not established t Former units: Khanh Hoa; Ninh Thuan Locations listed: Khanh Hoa; other central coastLam Dong: Spirulina Annual volume: not established t Former units: Binh Thuan; Thua Thien Hue Locations listed: Lam Dong (former Binh Thuan); HueHue: Spirulina Annual volume: not established t Former units: Binh Thuan; Thua Thien Hue Locations listed: Lam Dong (former Binh Thuan); HueMekong Delta: Duckweed / Wolffia Annual volume: not established t Locations listed: Mekong Delta (research)Red River Delta: Mushroom spent substrate Annual volume: not established t Locations listed: Red River Delta; Mekong Delta (straw mushroom)Mekong Delta: Mushroom spent substrate Annual volume: not established t Locations listed: Red River Delta; Mekong Delta (straw mushroom)Son La: Maize (domestic) Annual volume: 4.4 (NSO) or 4.1 (USDA) Mt Locations listed: Son La; Northern uplands; Central Highlands (not sourced)Northern uplands: Maize (domestic) Annual volume: 4.4 (NSO) or 4.1 (USDA) Mt Locations listed: Son La; Northern uplands; Central Highlands (not sourced)Central Highlands: Maize (domestic) Annual volume: 4.4 (NSO) or 4.1 (USDA) Mt Locations listed: Son La; Northern uplands; Central Highlands (not sourced)Tay Ninh:cassava starchMekong Delta:aquacultureby-productsProvinces with no listed stream are not shown (24 of 34 units have one).No location given: Cassava peel and rhizomes; Cassava starch wastewater; Sugarcane molasses; Soybean importsand crush; Okara (tofu/soymilk residue); DDGS (imported).

Shown as a province-by-stream matrix. Tay Ninh (cassava starch) and the Mekong Delta (aquaculture by-products) are highlighted.

Sources: 4,5,64

Show dataHide data
Where the raw materials are
Province or regionStreamAnnual volumeUnitFormer unitsLocation note
Son LaCassava roots (domestic harvest)10.24Mt fresh rootsTay Ninh; Gia Lai (+Binh Dinh); Dak Lak (+Phu Yen); Quang Ngai (+Kon Tum); Binh Phuoc (now Dong Nai)
Son LaCassava starch (native)2.28 (exports, 11 months)Mt starchsee cassava roots
Son LaMaize (domestic)4.4 (NSO) or 4.1 (USDA)Mtnot sourced or not verified
Bac NinhBrewer's spent grain0.80-0.88 (derived, upper bound)Mt wet (~80% moisture); 160-176 kt DM
Ha NoiBrewer's spent grain0.80-0.88 (derived, upper bound)Mt wet (~80% moisture); 160-176 kt DM
Hai PhongBrewer's spent grain0.80-0.88 (derived, upper bound)Mt wet (~80% moisture); 160-176 kt DM
Hung YenBrewer's spent grain0.80-0.88 (derived, upper bound)Mt wet (~80% moisture); 160-176 kt DM
Thanh HoaCassava roots (domestic harvest)10.24Mt fresh rootsTay Ninh; Gia Lai (+Binh Dinh); Dak Lak (+Phu Yen); Quang Ngai (+Kon Tum); Binh Phuoc (now Dong Nai)
Thanh HoaSugarcane (crushed)13.3Mt caneGia Lai (+Binh Dinh); Phu Yen (now Dak Lak); Thanh Hoa; Tay Ninh; Nghe An
Nghe AnSugarcane (crushed)13.3Mt caneGia Lai (+Binh Dinh); Phu Yen (now Dak Lak); Thanh Hoa; Tay Ninh; Nghe An
Nghe AnPeanut380ktnot sourced or not verified
Ha TinhPeanut380ktnot sourced or not verified
Quang TriCassava roots and chips imported~8Mt fresh-root equivalentTay Ninh (+Long An); Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Quang Tri (+Quang Binh)
HueSpirulinanot establishedtBinh Thuan; Thua Thien Hue
Da NangFuel ethanol (cassava/corn)~277,000m3/yr capacity (830 m3/day, 3 plants)Quang Ngai; Quang Nam; Dong Nai
Quang NgaiCassava roots (domestic harvest)10.24Mt fresh rootsTay Ninh; Gia Lai (+Binh Dinh); Dak Lak (+Phu Yen); Quang Ngai (+Kon Tum); Binh Phuoc (now Dong Nai)
Quang NgaiCassava starch (native)2.28 (exports, 11 months)Mt starchsee cassava roots
Quang NgaiFuel ethanol (cassava/corn)~277,000m3/yr capacity (830 m3/day, 3 plants)Quang Ngai; Quang Nam; Dong Nai
Gia LaiCassava roots (domestic harvest)10.24Mt fresh rootsTay Ninh; Gia Lai (+Binh Dinh); Dak Lak (+Phu Yen); Quang Ngai (+Kon Tum); Binh Phuoc (now Dong Nai)
Gia LaiCassava roots and chips imported~8Mt fresh-root equivalentTay Ninh (+Long An); Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Quang Tri (+Quang Binh)
Gia LaiCassava starch (native)2.28 (exports, 11 months)Mt starchsee cassava roots
Gia LaiCassava chips (dried)0.96 (exports, 10-11 months)MtBinh Dinh; Gia Lai; Kon Tum; Dak Lak
Gia LaiSugarcane (crushed)13.3Mt caneGia Lai (+Binh Dinh); Phu Yen (now Dak Lak); Thanh Hoa; Tay Ninh; Nghe An
Gia LaiCoffee pulp/husk~450 (2016 basis)kt dried pulpDak Lak; Lam Dong (+Dak Nong); Gia Lai
Dak LakCassava roots (domestic harvest)10.24Mt fresh rootsTay Ninh; Gia Lai (+Binh Dinh); Dak Lak (+Phu Yen); Quang Ngai (+Kon Tum); Binh Phuoc (now Dong Nai)
Dak LakCassava roots and chips imported~8Mt fresh-root equivalentTay Ninh (+Long An); Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Quang Tri (+Quang Binh)
Dak LakCassava starch (native)2.28 (exports, 11 months)Mt starchsee cassava roots
Dak LakSugarcane (crushed)13.3Mt caneGia Lai (+Binh Dinh); Phu Yen (now Dak Lak); Thanh Hoa; Tay Ninh; Nghe An
Dak LakCoffee pulp/husk~450 (2016 basis)kt dried pulpDak Lak; Lam Dong (+Dak Nong); Gia Lai
Dak LakCashew applenot establishedtBinh Phuoc; Dak Nong; Binh Thuannot sourced or not verified
Khanh HoaSeafood processing by-productsnot established (prior lead ~1 Mt)MtCan Tho; Dong Thap; An Giang; Ben Tre; Soc Trang; Ca Mau
Khanh HoaSeaweed (farmed and wild)not establishedtKhanh Hoa; Ninh Thuan
Lam DongCoffee pulp/husk~450 (2016 basis)kt dried pulpDak Lak; Lam Dong (+Dak Nong); Gia Lai
Lam DongCashew applenot establishedtBinh Phuoc; Dak Nong; Binh Thuannot sourced or not verified
Lam DongSpirulinanot establishedtBinh Thuan; Thua Thien Hue
Dong NaiCassava roots (domestic harvest)10.24Mt fresh rootsTay Ninh; Gia Lai (+Binh Dinh); Dak Lak (+Phu Yen); Quang Ngai (+Kon Tum); Binh Phuoc (now Dong Nai)
Dong NaiCassava starch (native)2.28 (exports, 11 months)Mt starchsee cassava roots
Dong NaiFuel ethanol (cassava/corn)~277,000m3/yr capacity (830 m3/day, 3 plants)Quang Ngai; Quang Nam; Dong Nai
Dong NaiBrewer's spent grain0.80-0.88 (derived, upper bound)Mt wet (~80% moisture); 160-176 kt DM
Dong NaiCashew applenot establishedtBinh Phuoc; Dak Nong; Binh Thuannot sourced or not verified
Ho Chi Minh CityBrewer's spent grain0.80-0.88 (derived, upper bound)Mt wet (~80% moisture); 160-176 kt DM
Tay NinhCassava roots (domestic harvest)10.24Mt fresh rootsTay Ninh; Gia Lai (+Binh Dinh); Dak Lak (+Phu Yen); Quang Ngai (+Kon Tum); Binh Phuoc (now Dong Nai)
Tay NinhCassava roots and chips imported~8Mt fresh-root equivalentTay Ninh (+Long An); Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Quang Tri (+Quang Binh)
Tay NinhCassava starch (native)2.28 (exports, 11 months)Mt starchsee cassava roots
Tay NinhCassava pulp (starch residue)~6.2 (derived; range 4-8)Mt wet (~80% moisture); ~1.3 Mt dry matterTay Ninh; Gia Lai; Dak Lak; Kon Tum; Binh Phuoc; Son La
Tay NinhRice paddy43.5Mt paddyAn Giang (+Kien Giang); Dong Thap (+Tien Giang); Can Tho (+Soc Trang, Hau Giang); Vinh Long (+Tra Vinh, Ben Tre); Long An (now Tay Ninh); Ca Mau (+Bac Lieu)
Tay NinhSugarcane (crushed)13.3Mt caneGia Lai (+Binh Dinh); Phu Yen (now Dak Lak); Thanh Hoa; Tay Ninh; Nghe An
Tay NinhPeanut380ktnot sourced or not verified
Dong ThapRice paddy43.5Mt paddyAn Giang (+Kien Giang); Dong Thap (+Tien Giang); Can Tho (+Soc Trang, Hau Giang); Vinh Long (+Tra Vinh, Ben Tre); Long An (now Tay Ninh); Ca Mau (+Bac Lieu)
Dong ThapRice bran~4.35 (derived); ~5 (claimed)MtAn Giang; Kien Giang; Dong Thap; Tien Giang; Can Tho
Dong ThapSeafood processing by-productsnot established (prior lead ~1 Mt)MtCan Tho; Dong Thap; An Giang; Ben Tre; Soc Trang; Ca Mau
Vinh LongRice paddy43.5Mt paddyAn Giang (+Kien Giang); Dong Thap (+Tien Giang); Can Tho (+Soc Trang, Hau Giang); Vinh Long (+Tra Vinh, Ben Tre); Long An (now Tay Ninh); Ca Mau (+Bac Lieu)
Vinh LongCoconut1.728Mt nuts (USDA unit)Ben Tre; Tra Vinhnot sourced or not verified
Vinh LongSeafood processing by-productsnot established (prior lead ~1 Mt)MtCan Tho; Dong Thap; An Giang; Ben Tre; Soc Trang; Ca Mau
An GiangRice paddy43.5Mt paddyAn Giang (+Kien Giang); Dong Thap (+Tien Giang); Can Tho (+Soc Trang, Hau Giang); Vinh Long (+Tra Vinh, Ben Tre); Long An (now Tay Ninh); Ca Mau (+Bac Lieu)
An GiangRice bran~4.35 (derived); ~5 (claimed)MtAn Giang; Kien Giang; Dong Thap; Tien Giang; Can Tho
An GiangSeafood processing by-productsnot established (prior lead ~1 Mt)MtCan Tho; Dong Thap; An Giang; Ben Tre; Soc Trang; Ca Mau
Can ThoRice paddy43.5Mt paddyAn Giang (+Kien Giang); Dong Thap (+Tien Giang); Can Tho (+Soc Trang, Hau Giang); Vinh Long (+Tra Vinh, Ben Tre); Long An (now Tay Ninh); Ca Mau (+Bac Lieu)
Can ThoRice bran~4.35 (derived); ~5 (claimed)MtAn Giang; Kien Giang; Dong Thap; Tien Giang; Can Tho
Can ThoSeafood processing by-productsnot established (prior lead ~1 Mt)MtCan Tho; Dong Thap; An Giang; Ben Tre; Soc Trang; Ca Mau
Ca MauRice paddy43.5Mt paddyAn Giang (+Kien Giang); Dong Thap (+Tien Giang); Can Tho (+Soc Trang, Hau Giang); Vinh Long (+Tra Vinh, Ben Tre); Long An (now Tay Ninh); Ca Mau (+Bac Lieu)
Ca MauSeafood processing by-productsnot established (prior lead ~1 Mt)MtCan Tho; Dong Thap; An Giang; Ben Tre; Soc Trang; Ca Mau
Northern uplandsSoybean (domestic)42 kttnot sourced or not verified
Northern uplandsMaize (domestic)4.4 (NSO) or 4.1 (USDA)Mtnot sourced or not verified
Red River DeltaRice paddy43.5Mt paddyAn Giang (+Kien Giang); Dong Thap (+Tien Giang); Can Tho (+Soc Trang, Hau Giang); Vinh Long (+Tra Vinh, Ben Tre); Long An (now Tay Ninh); Ca Mau (+Bac Lieu)
Red River DeltaMushroom spent substratenot establishedt
Central HighlandsCassava chips (dried)0.96 (exports, 10-11 months)MtBinh Dinh; Gia Lai; Kon Tum; Dak Lak
Central HighlandsSoybean (domestic)42 kttnot sourced or not verified
Central HighlandsMaize (domestic)4.4 (NSO) or 4.1 (USDA)Mtnot sourced or not verified
Mekong DeltaBroken rice0.87 (100% broken exports only); total not establishedMt
Mekong DeltaRice husk~8.7 (derived)Mt
Mekong DeltaDuckweed / Wolffianot establishedt
Mekong DeltaMushroom spent substratenot establishedt

For each reader.

  • Investors: the volume thesis for "cheap cassava residue" holds; the price thesis is weaker than earlier drafts assumed. Stress-test for cassava price cycles and E10.
  • Startups: for pulp-based fermentation, start in Tay Ninh; negotiate on dry-matter basis; budget nitrogen. For spent grain, plan one plant next to one brewery.
  • Manufacturers: domestic protein-rich residues are too small to replace soybean meal; they suit niche or functional products.
  • Policy makers and international bodies: a public Vietnam by-product atlas (volume, location, price, composition), updated yearly, is a cheap and missing public good.
  • Researchers: priority measurements are a Vietnamese pulp material balance across factories and seasons, and duckweed and seaweed productivity on Vietnamese sites.

Related: Feedstock data sheets, Industrial base, Economics.

Sources cited on this page

All sources (Appendix T)

  1. FS-05 Phommakod, S., Lueangwattanapong, K., Chaiprasert, P., & Songkasiri, W. Valorization of biomaterial side streams: Kinetics of cassava pulp and its components degradation by Clostridium manihotivorum CT4T. 2026
  2. FS-06 Lerdlattaporn, R., Phalakornkule, C., Trakulvichean, S., & Songkasiri, W. Implementing circular economy concept by converting cassava pulp and wastewater to biogas for sustainable production in starch industry. 2021
  3. FS-53 Banditvong, C., Varongchayakul, S., Laosiripojana, N., et al. Production of micro and nano crystalline cellulose from waste cassava pulp. 2024
  4. FS-01 Dân Việt. Việt Nam đang là nhà cung cấp lớn nhất một thứ tinh bột cho Trung Quốc, năm 2025 bán được gần 3,7 triệu tấn. January 2026
  5. FS-03 Nông nghiệp và Môi trường. Bã sắn cứu cánh ngành chế biến tinh bột sắn. 17 December 2024
  6. FS-07 Nông nghiệp và Môi trường. Ngành sắn vượt thách thức: [Bài 4] Ngã rẽ phát triển bền vững hay tụt hậu?. 12 October 2025
  7. FS-11 Nông nghiệp và Môi trường. Nguồn cung giảm mạnh, giá sắn gần gấp đôi cùng kỳ 2025. 9 April 2026
  8. FS-12 Doanh nghiệp và Đầu tư. Thị trường sắn quý I/2026: giá tăng, xuất khẩu bứt phá nhưng tiềm ẩn rủi ro. 2 April 2026
  9. FS-25 National Statistics Office (NSO). Báo cáo tình hình kinh tế - xã hội quý IV và năm 2025. January 2026
  10. FS-23 USDA FAS. Vietnam: Grain and Feed Annual. April 2026
  11. FS-31 Doanh nghiệp Hội nhập. Ngành mía đường sản xuất gần 1,3 triệu tấn, áp lực tiêu thụ vẫn đè nặng. 16 July 2026
  12. FS-33 Viet Nam News. Sugar industry shifts focus to quality. 2026
  13. FS-38 Pejin, J., Radosavljević, M., Grujić, O., et al. Possible application of brewer's spent grain in biotechnology. 2013
  14. FS-40 Nguyen, T. M., Nguyen, T. N. Q., & Nguyen, T. M. N. Removing tannins and debittering brewer's spent yeasts by Tween 80. 2023
  15. FS-44 Szulc, J., Błaszak, B., Wenda-Piesik, A., et al. Zero waste technology of soybeans processing. 2023
  16. FS-24 USDA FAS. Vietnam: Oilseeds and Products Annual. 15 April 2026
  17. RD-22 Nguyen T.-T. et al. Rice-based distillers' dried grains from bio-ethanol production, a potential source of protein for food application. 2024
  18. FS-48 Alam, M. M., Haque, M. M., Santi, M., et al. Barriers to the export of farmed pangasius and tilapia from Bangladesh to the international market. 2024
  19. FS-51 Luu, T. T., Hoang, T. M. H., Le, T. T., et al. Screening of neuroprotective substances relevant to Alzheimer's disease from seaweed species collected in Ninh Thuan and Khanh Hoa provinces, Vietnam. 2022
  20. FS-54 Foods. Lemna minor: Unlocking the value of this duckweed for the food and feed industry. 2024
  21. FS-55 Chem, C., Phoura, Y., & Sreyneang, N. Recycling of spent oyster mushroom sawdust waste for the production of straw mushroom. 2023
  22. MAC-04 USDA FAS GAIN. Vietnam: Oilseeds and Products Annual, report VM2026-0006 (Nguyen Linh). 15 Apr 2026
  23. FS-27 Nông thôn mới Hà Tĩnh. Khai thác giá trị tăng thêm trong xay xát lúa gạo. 1 July 2013
  24. FS-37 Sharma, A., Prakash, B., & Sachan, A. Inter- and intra-sectoral linkages and priorities for transforming sugar sector of India. 2015
  25. FS-14 VietnamPlus. Vietnam third-largest cassava exporter, supply chain still faces hurdles. 29 January 2026
  26. FS-08 Stockbiz. Sắn vào chu kỳ giá: [Bài cuối] Ethanol tạo động lực mới. 7 August 2026
  27. FS-04 Ministry of Industry and Trade. Tận dụng phế thải công nghiệp chế biến tinh bột sắn tạo sản phẩm giá trị gia tăng cao. 24 March 2021
  28. FS-02 ASEAN Cassava Centre. Vietnam: Starch Production Information. 27 January 2023
  29. FS-13 VnEconomy. Xuất khẩu sắn vượt 1 tỷ USD, nhưng thiếu tính bền vững. 18 November 2025
  30. FS-18 Vongsamphanh, P., Napasirth, V., Inthapanya, S., & Preston, T. R. Cassava pulp as livestock feed; effects of storage in an open pit. 2014
  31. FS-19 Phanthavong, V. et al. Fattening Yellow cattle on cassava root pulp, urea and rice straw. 2018
  32. FS-20 Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences. Factors affecting the utilisation of cassava products for poultry feeding [Review]. 2021
  33. FS-17 Bui, T.-A., Pham, V.-H., & Nguyen, T. P. Study of using cassava pulp to produce livestock feed pellet. 2018
  34. FS-22 Báo Sơn La. Nhà máy Tinh bột sắn Sơn La: Đổi mới dây chuyền công nghệ, nâng cao hiệu quả sản xuất. 21 November 2019
  35. VCO-01 Vedan International (Holdings) Ltd. Annual Report 2025. 22 Apr 2026
  36. GT-10 MOIT. Thông tư 50/2025/TT-BCT quy định lộ trình áp dụng tỷ lệ phối trộn nhiên liệu sinh học với nhiên liệu truyền thống tại Việt Nam. 7 Nov 2025
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  38. IND-20 CafeF. Hoi sinh loat nha may ethanol nghin ty. 10 July 2026
  39. FS-26 Tạp chí Công Thương. Giá lúa gạo hôm nay ngày 19/9/2026: Giá gạo Đài thơm giảm 500 đồng/kg. 19 September 2026
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  45. ECO-03 Early Warning System database. CnC-Entobel (IFC-46903). 23 Feb 2023
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  48. FS-49 Sabu, S., Sasidharan, A., & Sunooj, K. V. Natural feed supplements from crustacean processing side streams. 2024
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  50. IND-08 CafeBiz. Ajinomoto muon tang manh cong suat mang thuc an chan nuoi, phan bon va gia vi long tai Viet Nam. 4 December 2023
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  55. ECO-52 Spirulina Vinh Hao JSC. Giới thiệu tảo xoắn Spirulina Vĩnh Hảo. undated
  56. ECO-53 Dân Việt / Trang Trại Việt. Sản xuất thành công tảo xoắn Spirulina trên quy mô lớn ở miền Trung. 22 Jul 2023
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  58. SCI-36 Salian A et al. Lemnaceae as a poultry feed supplement: a review. 2026
  59. SCI-37 Pagliuso D et al. Duckweeds as Promising Food Feedstocks Globally. 2022
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  61. GT-11 Prime Minister. Quyết định 768/QĐ-TTg năm 2025 phê duyệt Điều chỉnh Quy hoạch phát triển điện lực quốc gia thời kỳ 2021-2030, tầm nhìn đến năm 2050. 15 Apr 2025
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