Phụ lục R

R. Disagreements log

All 170 cases where sources disagree, with both claims and the position this report takes. We never average disagreeing numbers.

30 phút đọcÝ nghĩa các nhãn

Nội dung trang này bằng tiếng Anh. Đọc bản tóm tắt tiếng Việt

Trong trang này

Protein economy and feed (14)
Feed market (7)
Feedstocks (13)
Industrial capacity (9)
Companies and ecosystem (9)
Company verification (6)
Retail audit and formulation (14)
Regulation (14)
Research and talent (11)
Infrastructure and talent (4)
Science (7)
Capital (9)
Regional position (12)
Costs (7)
Geography, institutions and outlook (6)
Futures 2030 to 2050 (28)

When two credible sources give different values or facts, we record both and state the position we take, with reasons. We do not average them. This page is generated from disagreements.csv, grouped by the research stream that found each disagreement. Where an earlier draft of this project was simply wrong, the correction is listed in B. Corrections instead. The disagreements that most affect the conclusions are summarised in Unknowns. Edition 1.1 adds the disagreements found in the futures round (DG-143 onwards), grouped under "Futures 2030 to 2050"; the model-related ones are discussed in W. Balance model.

Protein economy and feed (14)

ID	Topic	Claim A	Claim B	Position taken
DG-001	Aquafeed volume 2025	6.5 Mt (USDA Post, ¹)	3.9 to 4.8 Mt (industry via ACAP, ²); 3.3 to 3.85 Mt (capacity x utilisation, same article)	Report both. The ACAP species split is more transparent. Neither closes with NSO output at plausible FCRs. Do not use a single number. Same or related disagreement: DG-120.
DG-002	Shrimp output 2025	1,291 kt whiteleg plus black tiger (NSO, ³)	"Nearly 800,000 tonnes" supported by 920 kt of feed (industry, ²)	Use NSO for output. Flag that feed-based and statistical estimates diverge by about 40%.
DG-003	Whiteleg shrimp 2025	994.4 kt (NSO fisheries release)	944.4 kt (NSO highlights page)	994.4 kt: 9-month 719.7 + Q4 274.7 = 994.4.
DG-004	Pig herd trend 2025	+0.6% to 31.4 M (Livestock Department, ⁴)	Herd "fell sharply" from Q3 2025 (NSO, ⁵)	Unresolved. Possibly different reference dates. Cite both.
DG-005	Pigs culled for ASF 2025	1.2 M (USDA)	1.3 M (Livestock Department)	Report 1.2 to 1.3 M.
DG-006	Share of feed raw materials imported	More than 65% (Vietnam Report 2025; VietDVM)	85%, about 17 Mt/yr (Livestock Department 2024, via VnEconomy); 70% to 80% (review 2024)	Definitions differ (volume vs value; with or without domestic rice bran and cassava). Prefer ingredient-specific figures: corn 74%, soy protein about 99%, wheat and DDGS 100%.
DG-007	Corn imports 2024	12.52 Mt (customs, USDA)	10 Mt (Livestock Department feed-ingredient figure, ⁶)	12.52 Mt is total imports. The lower figure is probably feed-industry-only imports.
DG-008	Wheat imports 2024	5.5 Mt (USDA)	about 5.74 Mt (derived from customs growth rates)	Minor. Use 5.5 to 5.7 Mt.
DG-009	Corn feed use	14.4 Mt feed and residual (USDA PSD MY2024/25)	9.2 Mt corn in industrial feed (USDA Table 2, CY2025)	Different scope (PSD includes on-farm feed and residual). Use 9.2 Mt for compound feed and 14.4 Mt for total feed use.
DG-010	Soybean meal origins 2025	Argentina 69% (our reading of the table)	Brazil 69% (first automated summary)	Argentina, pending a direct PDF check.
DG-011	Population 2025	102.3 M (NSO)	101.9 M (USDA)	Use NSO. Same or related disagreement: DG-125.
DG-012	GDP per person 2025	USD 5,026 (NSO)	USD 5,048 (USDA)	Use NSO.
DG-013	Fisheries 2024	9,547 kt preliminary (NSO Feb 2025)	about 9,658 kt implied by 2025 growth rate	NSO revised 2024 upward. Use the revised figure for growth calculations.
DG-014	Fishmeal pool	350 to 450 kt (prior draft)	about 80 to 270 kt (this note)	Prior figure not supported by sourced inputs. Same or related disagreement: DG-117.

Feed market (7)

ID	Topic	Claim A	Claim B	Position taken
DG-115	Fishmeal price, Nov 2025	UPV executive: USD 1,600/t (⁷)	World Bank Peru 65% CIF: USD 1,794/t (⁸)	Both can be right. The UPV figure is probably a lower grade or Indian origin (India supplied 49% of Vietnam's import value in 2023). Use the World Bank series as the benchmark; say which grade when quoting. Same or related disagreement: DG-084, DG-116, DG-126, DG-127.
DG-116	Latest fishmeal price	Wave 1: USD 1,837/t (Mar 2026) (⁹)	Pink Sheet: USD 2,500/t (Aug 2026) (¹⁰)	Not a conflict; wave 1 is superseded. Use August 2026 as latest and the 2025 average as the base case. Same or related disagreement: DG-084, DG-115, DG-126, DG-127.
DG-117	Displaceable pool	Prior drafts: 350 to 450 kt	Macro: 80 to 270 kt; this note: 79 to 290 kt sourced, 116 to 244 kt central	Use 120 to 245 kt as central. 350 to 450 kt requires unsourced snakehead and marine rates. Same or related disagreement: DG-014.
DG-118	Shrimp fishmeal inclusion	6% projected for 2025 (Salin et al. via ¹¹)	20% to 25% in recent Chinese trial control diets (¹², ¹³)	Both are indirect. Projection is not measurement; trial controls are not market surveys. Central 10% to 20%. One call to a Vietnamese shrimp feed mill would settle it.
DG-119	Vietnam fishmeal tonnage	WITS: 139 kt imported, 227 kt exported (2023)	Uniform unit values imply imputation	Quote values, not tonnes. Same or related disagreement: DG-089.
DG-120	Aquafeed volume	USDA 6.5 Mt (2025)	Industry 3.9 to 4.8 Mt (²)	Unresolved (macro agent's position stands). The pool uses industry species volumes. Same or related disagreement: DG-001.
DG-121	Feed share of cost	Shrimp: 50% to 60% (¹⁴, 2026)	Pangasius: 70% to 90% (¹⁵, 2007 to 2011 studies)	Different species and years; not a conflict. Pangasius figure is dated.

Feedstocks (13)

ID	Topic	Claim A	Claim B	Position taken
DG-015	Starch factory count	~100 industrial (MOIT, 2021; ¹⁶)	~120 in 27 provinces (ACC, 2023; ¹⁷); 150+ (VCA, Oct 2025; ¹⁸)	Unresolved. Likely different size thresholds and new builds. Use "120 to 150" and cite both.
DG-016	Cassava pulp volume	~4 Mt/yr; 10 to 15% of roots "= 3.8 to 5.4 Mt" (¹⁹). That arithmetic implies 38 to 54 Mt roots, so it is internally wrong	1.7 to 2.1 Mt wet (prior draft, uncited)	Ours: ~6.2 Mt wet (range 4 to 8), about 1.3 Mt DM, 2025, from the Thai material balance. The 1.7 to 2.1 Mt figure is rejected as too low for wet pulp.
DG-017	Pulp ratio per t roots	10 to 15% (²⁰); 20 to 30% (²¹)	40 to 60% wet (¹⁶, ²²); 57% wet (²³/06)	Different moisture bases. Adopt 0.57 t wet (80% moisture) or 0.12 t DM per t roots.
DG-018	Pulp protein	0.2% (²², wet basis)	1.5 to 2.6% DM (²⁰, ²⁴, ²¹)	Consistent once moisture is accounted for. Use DM figures.
DG-019	Cassava chip exports 2025	967,460 t in 10 months (²⁵)	955,670 t in 11 months (²⁶)	Cannot both be chips-only. Probably different product definitions (all raw cassava vs dried chips). Not averaged. Use ²⁶ for chips, flag.
DG-020	Cassava area/output	499,100 ha, 10.24 Mt (2025; ²⁶)	~517,000 ha, ~10.5 Mt (²⁷, published Aug 2026)	²⁷ repeats 2024 figures. Use ²⁶ for 2025.
DG-021	Ethanol plants	"6 ethanol plants" (²⁷)	3 operating, 830 m3/day (²⁸)	Both true: 6 built, 3 operating in mid-2026.
DG-022	Paddy	43.5 Mt (NSO, CY2025)	42.96 Mt (USDA MY2024/25); prior draft 43.12 Mt	Different periods. Use NSO for calendar 2025.
DG-023	Maize	4.4 Mt (NSO, 2025)	4.1 Mt (USDA, MY2025/26)	Different periods and methods. Show both.
DG-024	Rice bran volume	~4.35 Mt (derived, 10%)	~5 Mt (²⁹, claim)	Use derived 4.35 Mt. It is consistent with USDA use plus exports of about 4 Mt.
DG-025	Bran + broken in feed	730 kt (prior draft, citing an earlier USDA report)	2.8 Mt local supply CY2025 (USDA VM2026-0012)	Use the current USDA table. The 730 kt figure is probably a different table (imports) or outdated.
DG-026	BSG price	6,000 to 6,500 VND/kg fresh (³⁰)	Dry rice bran 7,300 to 7,650 VND/kg (³¹)	The BSG quote is implausibly high per kg of DM. Treat as retail and Low.
DG-027	Molasses ethanol at QNS	60 M L/yr, target 2026 (³², 2024)	An Khe ethanol plant 200 m3/day, Q1 2028 (²⁸, 2026)	Probably the same project, delayed. Use the 2026 government source.

Industrial capacity (9)

ID	Topic	Claim A	Claim B	Position taken
DG-028	Fuel ethanol total capacity	About 600,000 m3/yr, 6 plants (prior lead)	450,000 m3/yr (³³, September 2025); 41,000 m3/month, about 492,000/yr (³⁴, March 2026); 480,000 m3/yr with 7 plants (³⁵, July 2026)	Use 450,000 to 490,000 m3/yr. The 600,000 figure probably assumed 6 plants of 100 million L each, but actual nameplates range from 72 to 125 million L and some are much smaller.
DG-029	E10 start date	Nationwide from 1 January 2026 (³³)	From 1 June 2026 under Circular 50/2025/TT-BCT (³⁶)	Not in this agent's scope. Passed to the regulation agent. The later source cites a specific circular, so it is more likely right. Same or related disagreement: DG-122.
DG-030	C.P. Vietnam plant count	9 plants (³⁷, 2023)	21 plants (³⁸, 2026)	Both may be right on different bases (feed mills only vs all facilities). Record both. Verify with C.P.
DG-031	Vinasoy market share	About 80% of soy milk (company, 2025, ³⁹)	84.2% (2017, ⁴⁰); over 90% of boxed soy milk (2022, ⁴¹)	Segment definitions differ. Use "about 80% of soy milk" as the conservative figure. Same or related disagreement: DG-041.
DG-032	VNVC plant investment	VND 2,000 bn (⁴², May 2025)	VND 2,500 bn (⁴³, July 2026)	Probably a revised budget. Use the later figure with its date.
DG-033	Daesang plant locations	Bac Giang MSG plant, Thai Nguyen starch (⁴⁴, Korean press)	Viet Tri (Phu Tho) MSG plant, Tay Ninh starch (⁴⁵, Daesang Vietnam)	Trust the company page. The Korean press translation is garbled, so its 35,000 t/yr figure is also Low confidence.
DG-034	Dong Nai status	Vedan website gives addresses as "Dong Nai City" (⁴⁶)	Wikipedia snapshot: Dong Nai remains a province after merging with Binh Phuoc (⁴⁷)	We use "Dong Nai". The status should be checked by the regulation or ecosystem agent.
DG-035	Carlsberg Phu Bai investment	VND 3,406 bn, about USD 169 million (⁴⁸)	About USD 90 million (⁴⁹)	Different scopes or phases. Capacity (600 million L/yr) agrees across both.
DG-036	De Heus and CJ feed	De Heus has 17 plants from buying CJ Feed & Care in early 2026 (³⁸)	No second source	Unverified. Low confidence. Ask De Heus or CJ. Same or related disagreement: DG-129.

Companies and ecosystem (9)

ID	Topic	Claim A	Claim B	Position taken
DG-037	Entobel funding	USD 33 m Series B (company PR, 2023; ⁵⁰, ⁵¹)	Series B USD 30 m (Mekong USD 25 m + Dragon USD 5 m) plus IFC USD 2.5 m = USD 32.5 m project cost (IFC disclosure; ⁵²)	Use IFC's breakdown (primary DFI document). "USD 33 m" is rounded and includes IFC. Prior lead "about USD 36 m" not supported. One trade article's "about USD 10 m from IFC" is wrong (⁵³ paraphrase). Same or related disagreement: DG-062, DG-063.
DG-038	Entobel capacity	"12x since 2022" (⁵⁴)	1,000 + 10,000 = 11,000 t/yr design (⁵²)	Consistent within rounding. All are design capacity, not output.
DG-039	Cricket One volume	More than 100 million crickets/month (2020)	About 100 t fresh/month at full capacity (Feb 2023); about 150 t live/month (Oct 2024); 1,000 t/yr processing (Oct 2023)	Units differ and all are company claims. Use "1,000 t/yr processing capacity (2023, claimed)" as the scale anchor.
DG-040	Vinh Hao spirulina area	5,000 m2 (prior lead)	More than 12,000 m2 (company page, undated)	Prefer the company figure as more recent, but it is unaudited. Output figure (17 t/yr) is from 2013.
DG-041	Vinasoy share	82.7% (Dec 2014, ⁵⁵)	About 80% (2024, ⁵⁶)	Not a conflict: stable share over time. Both company-sourced. Same or related disagreement: DG-031.
DG-042	Bewina	Imports Taiwan and US brands, founder Ho Thanh Nhien (⁵⁷)	Sells "Romania" products (⁵⁸)	Possibly both (the Romanian brand Verdino plus others). Low confidence.
DG-043	Market size	About VND 1,000 bn (2022, ⁵⁷, ⁵⁸)	USD 500 m "within several years" (⁵⁹); USD 500 m by 2025 (⁶⁰)	Reject both for decisions: no traceable method.
DG-044	"Xuan Hong"	Industrial do chay maker (prior lead)	Cassava starch processor, Tay Ninh (⁶¹)	The lead is probably wrong; another Xuan Hong may exist but was not found.
DG-045	TH true NUT as plant-based	Sold in the plant-milk aisle	Contains fresh cow's milk (⁶², ⁶³)	Classify as hybrid.

Company verification (6)

ID	Topic	Claim A	Claim B	Position taken
DG-128	De Heus Vinh Long marine mill capacity	84,000 t/yr (wave-1 trade press)	168,000 t/yr (De Heus global release, 22 Jul 2026; ⁶⁴)	Use 168,000 t/yr as the company-stated design capacity. 84,000 may be phase 1. Unresolved.
DG-129	CJ deal scope	"De Heus has 17 plants from CJ" (wave 1, implied Vietnam)	17 mills across five countries (⁶⁵, ⁶⁶)	Claim B. Vietnam mill count unknown. Same or related disagreement: DG-036.
DG-130	Vedan GA capacity	36,000 t/yr (1995; used in wave 1)	180,000 t/yr (2004; ⁶⁷)	Claim B is the later nameplate. Neither is confirmed current.
DG-131	VISSAN founding year	1970 (company homepage, ⁶⁸)	1974 (Vietstock, ⁶⁹)	Not material. Keep the company figure.
DG-132	De Heus in Vietnam	"Since 2009" (⁶⁶)	"18+ years" (⁷⁰, 2026, i.e. about 2008)	Rounding. Not material.
DG-133	Pham Gia Phat registration	Brand founded late 2014; tax code 0312857463 fits a 2014 HCMC registration	Page states 28 May 2019	The 2019 date is probably a change of registration. Low.

Retail audit and formulation (14)

ID	Topic	Claim A	Claim B	Position taken
DG-090	CJ acquisition of Cầu Tre	Collector notes: CJ bought Cầu Tre in 2006 (⁷¹)	Analyst recollection: CJ CheilJedang took a majority stake in 2016	Unresolved. Lean to 2016 (Low). Not verified this wave; web search budget exhausted.
DG-091	Ông Chà Và / NOSA canned soy meat origin	Nha Trang OSINT: made in China, imported (⁷¹)	HCMC log row: Vietnam (local) (⁷¹)	Unresolved. Brand owner may be Vietnamese with contract manufacture in China. Check "Xuất xứ" on the can.
DG-092	137 Degrees origin	Nha Trang rows: Vietnam (local)	HCMC rows: imported; brand site is Simple Foods (believed Thailand) (⁷²)	Imported (Thailand), Medium-Low.
DG-093	Veyo ownership	One log row: Nutifood	QNS site lists VEYO as its nut-milk brand (⁷³)	Vinasoy/QNS, High.
DG-094	An Nhiên dried-slice prices	Field log online reference: VND 49,000/150 g	AEON eShop 23 Sep 2026: VND 60,000 to 65,000/150 g (⁷⁴)	Both recorded. Calculations use the field value; with AEON prices, price per 100 g protein is 22 to 33% higher (still the cheapest non-tofu protein).
DG-095	An Nhiên gà viên chay recipe	Label: soy protein concentrate, from Serbia (⁷¹)	Retailer listing: SPI, corn starch, wheat fiber, soybean oil (⁷⁵)	Prefer the photographed label; listing may be an older or different recipe.
DG-096	Vissan bò nấu đậu chay	Nha Trang (brand site): vegan beef slices 55%, white beans 17%	HCMC label photo: slices 30%, beans 20%	Prefer the HCMC label (primary, current). Possible reformulation.
DG-097	Cầu Tre chả giò bánh rế chay đặc biệt	Nha Trang listing: contains tàu hũ ky	CJ site 2026: mung bean only, no tofu skin (⁷⁶)	Prefer CJ site as current; possible reformulation away from soy.
DG-098	HS 2106.10 China to Vietnam, 2023 tonnage	Vietnam-reported 1,551 t (⁷⁷)	China-reported 7,957 t (⁷⁸)	China figure. Vietnam-side quantities are imputed (uniform unit value). Values agree more closely (USD 9.1 million vs 12.6 million). Same or related disagreement: DG-075.
DG-099	Wheat gluten imports 2023	Vietnam-reported 12,337 t total, 7,314 t from China (⁷⁹)	China-reported 10,338 t to Vietnam (⁸⁰)	China figure for China tonnage; total imports are probably above 12,000 t.
DG-100	Soybean imports	Prior lead: about 3.2 Mt	USDA GAIN VM2025-0011: 2.5 Mt MY2024/25, 2.8 Mt MY2025/26 (⁸¹)	Not averaged. Different marketing years and report editions; GAIN VM2025-0011 used here. Macro agent should reconcile.
DG-101	Thoại An đậu hũ hải sản chay 500 g price	Co.opmart Nha Trang: VND 71,500	Co.opmart Nguyễn Kiệm: VND 43,700	One read is probably wrong; the HCMC tag is a clear read.
DG-102	Same-SKU price spread across stores	bibigo Healthy Mandu Chay 300 g: VND 43,000 (promotion) to 56,700; Vissan chả giò chay: VND 44,900 to 60,000	n/a	Real price variation plus low-confidence reads. Do not use single-store prices as market prices.
DG-103	Chay cheaper than meat	Field notes: 17 to 38% cheaper	This analysis: only the Vissan pair (-38%) is high confidence; others -52% to +19% on low-confidence reads	Directionally supported for spring rolls; not established across categories.

Regulation (14)

ID	Topic	Claim A	Claim B	Position taken
DG-046	Status of Decree 15/2018	thuvienphapluat compendium page lists it as "expired 16/4/2026" (⁸², via extraction)	Resolution 15/2026/NQ-CP says Decree 15/2018 "continues to have effect" until the new law and decree (⁸³, government press)	Decree 15/2018 applies. Government resolution text beats a database status tag.
DG-047	Status of Resolution 66.13/2026	thuvienphapluat page extraction: "in effect" until replaced, no later than 28 Feb 2027 (⁸⁴)	Resolution 15/2026 suspends it with Decree 46/2026 (⁸³; Nhân Dân headline)	Suspended.
DG-048	Decree 46/2026: replace or amend Decree 15/2018	Several sources say "replaces" (⁸⁵, ⁸⁶)	thuvienphapluat title fragment says "sửa đổi" (amends)	Designed as a replacement. Moot while suspended.
DG-049	GMO certificate timelines	USDA: 45 working days (5-country route) and 90 (standard) (⁸⁷)	thuvienphapluat Q&A: 5 + 17 + 5 = 27 and 5 + 67 + 5 = 77 working days of agency steps (⁸⁸)	Both may be right: the USDA figure likely includes the 20-day public comment. Use 27/77 for agency steps and about 45/90 end to end.
DG-050	Refined GM products excluded	USDA and ISAAA: explicitly excluded (⁸⁷, ⁸⁹)	Decree text extraction: no explicit exclusion visible (⁹⁰)	Excluded in effect, through the definition (no GM DNA or protein). Precision-fermented proteins are not excluded.
DG-051	Feed trial article and duration	Prior lead: Decree 13/2020 Art 11 requires a trial; 12 to 18 months	Art 11 is factory assessment; trials are Law Art 37 and Circular 94/2025 Ch. III; agency time about 40 working days, trial length case by case	Prior lead wrong on the article. Duration undocumented; our estimate is 6 to 18 months.
DG-052	Feed "5 working days" recognition	Decree 32/2026 extraction mentions 5 working days for recognition under Art 31 (⁹¹)	Art 31 of Decree 13/2020 covers livestock waste-treatment products, not feed	The 5-day figure is not a feed figure. Use Circular 94/2025 (15 + 5).
DG-053	Decree 182/2024 thresholds	Prior lead: VND 12,000 bn / 20,000 bn; 3,000 bn R&D	Primary text: same, plus 1,000 bn within 3 years for R&D, and a semiconductor/AI tier	Confirmed.
DG-054	Carbon inventory scope	Decree 119/2025 extraction: agriculture and food processing not in mandatory inventory	Background: inventory facility lists (Decision 13/2024/QĐ-TTg) may include some large facilities across sectors	Unresolved. Pilot quotas are clearly limited to power, steel and cement.
DG-055	ISAAA authority name	ISAAA says MARD handles notifications	MARD no longer exists; MAE since 1 Mar 2025	MAE.
DG-111	Who issues the closed-production GMO certificate	Decree 43/2026 Art 37a: MAE issues, re-issues, revokes (⁹²)	Decision 375/QĐ-BNNMT extract places the procedure in a provincial-level section (⁹³)	MAE, per the decree. The listing may reflect delegation or an extraction error. Ask MAE
DG-112	Aquafeed trial trigger	Fisheries Law Art 35(1): trial for any raw material not on the list (⁹⁴)	Appendix II lists no raw materials at all, yet conventional feeds are sold without trials (⁹⁵)	The law is literally broader than practice. Unresolved; treat as a risk for new ingredients
DG-113	Draft law product declaration	Wave 1: MOH 2025 submission proposed three risk tiers (low, medium, high) (⁹⁶)	July 2026 press describes two groups: register or declare applied standard, and no declaration (⁹⁷, ⁹⁸)	The July 2026 description is later and is used here. The tiers may survive inside the "declare" group
DG-114	Soybean meal MFN before March 2025	Extract: "1 to 2%" for 2304.00.29 (⁹⁹)	Wave 1 prior leads did not give a rate	Minor. The 2025 rate of 0% is what matters

Research and talent (11)

ID	Topic	Claim A	Claim B	Position taken
DG-056	Vietnamese studies on RNA reduction, mycotoxin testing and amino-acid digestibility	Prior drafts (¹⁰⁰): "No Vietnamese study has reported RNA reduction protocols, mycotoxin testing or amino acid digestibility"	HUST 2018 nucleic acid reduction in spent-yeast hydrolysate (¹⁰¹); aflatoxin in 38 tương samples, 2025 (¹⁰²); in vitro digestibility of rice DDG protein 77.1%, 2025 (¹⁰³)	Prior claim is too strong. Correct version: such methods exist in Vietnam for yeast, traditional soy and rice DDG, but not for any novel fungal or bacterial biomass, and no DIAAS/PDCAAS study was found
DG-057	Number of Vietnamese fishmeal-replacement papers (Scite affiliation filter vs term search)	Scite affiliation filter: 3 Vietnamese fishmeal-replacement papers	Term search: at least 10 Vietnamese fishmeal/SBM replacement papers	Use the higher, manually screened count, and label all counts as lower bounds. The affiliation metadata is incomplete Same or related disagreement: DG-140.
DG-058	Outcome of the FiBL duckweed project with Binca Seafoods	Prior lead: FiBL duckweed project with Binca Seafoods (2019), "outcome unpublished"	Scite: 9 Stadtlander duckweed records, none from Vietnam (¹⁰⁴)	Consistent. The outcome is still unpublished in indexed literature. Ask FiBL directly
DG-059	Southeast Asian grantees on the GFI grants page	GFI grants page shows no Southeast Asian grantee (¹⁰⁵)	The page may be paginated or filtered	"No Vietnam grantee found" is held at Medium confidence, not High
DG-060	Effective date of Law 93/2025/QH15	Law 93/2025/QH15 effective date: not shown on the fetched page (¹⁰⁶)	Widely reported as 1 October 2025 (agent knowledge)	Record the issue date (27 June 2025) as verified and the effective date as unverified
DG-061	FIRI Pichia enzyme-expression capability	Prior lead: FIRI does Pichia enzyme expression	FIRI site confirms an Enzyme and Protein Technology department but not Pichia work. Pichia outputs found are from VNU-HCM US and IBT VAST	Treat FIRI Pichia capability as unconfirmed
DG-138	Plant-based meat papers with a VN author	2 papers (Scite, ¹⁰⁷)	9 raw, about 6 on-topic (OpenAIRE)	Use "about 6 (2015 to 2026), including 2 reviews". Both sources are lower bounds.
DG-139	VN work on extrusion or texturisation	"None"	1 VN-tagged extrudate texture study, 2025 (10.1093/ijfood/vvae080); VN affiliation not verified	Soften to "at most one study found". Verify the affiliation.
DG-140	VN fishmeal-replacement papers	About 20 by term search (Scite)	10 (OpenAIRE country tag)	Keep about 20 as the better floor. OpenAIRE's country tagging misses Vietnamese journals and some affiliations. Same or related disagreement: DG-057.
DG-141	Scite versus OpenAIRE for country counts	Scite used in wave 1	Scite gave Thailand 1 cultivated-meat paper, OpenAIRE gave 49	Do not use Scite affiliation counts for benchmarking.
DG-142	Most-cited VN plant-based meat paper	Not reported	10.1007/s00217-021-03810-1 (240 citations) is VN-tagged	Treat it as a probable false positive until the affiliation is checked.

Infrastructure and talent (4)

ID	Topic	Claim A	Claim B	Position taken
DG-134	CTU 2026 total quota	11,850 (CTU official table, ¹⁰⁸)	"About 12,000, up about 1,400 on 2025" (tuyensinh247 aggregator, ¹⁰⁹)	Use 11,850 from the primary source. The aggregator probably rounded or used a draft plan
DG-135	HCMC Biotechnology Center role	Wave 1: "claimed pilot-scale fermentation and incubation services" (¹⁰⁷, Low)	Its own service pages list agri and aqua transfers and lab design only (¹¹⁰)	No published pilot fermentation service. Keep as a lead to verify by phone
DG-136	Hoa Lac managing body and location	Wave 1 and common knowledge: park in Thach That, managed by MOST	Board office in Ha Dong ward under a Hanoi board for hi-tech and industrial parks (¹¹¹)	The office address is not the park site. Management appears to have moved to Hanoi. Transfer date not verified
DG-137	Hoa Lac area	Common figure about 1,586 ha (agent knowledge)	Listed zones sum to 941.79 ha without the education zone (¹¹¹)	Report the zone figures. Treat the total as unverified

Science (7)

ID	Topic	Claim A	Claim B	Position taken
DG-104	Growth-factor share of media cost	Up to 95% of serum-free medium cost (¹¹², current prices)	USD 3 to 4/kg wet cells at 100 kt/yr (¹¹³, scaled prices)	Both valid; report both with their price assumptions.
DG-105	Karimi A. oryzae biomass	118.5 g DM/L as printed (¹¹⁴)	Mass balance on 21 g/L COD	Treat as per litre of undiluted vinasse (about 5.9 g/L broth).
DG-106	Karimi medium COD	21 g/L stated for 5% vinasse	835 g/L x 5% = 42 g/L	Internal inconsistency in the paper; unresolved.
DG-107	Mycoprotein RNA target	"about 2%" of DW (¹¹⁵)	"less than 1% to be considered safe" (¹¹⁶)	Use ¹¹⁵ (primary study text); ¹¹⁶ is a secondary review.
DG-108	Wolffia EU status	Safety not established, 2021 (¹¹⁷)	Authorised by Reg. (EU) 2022/2223 (¹¹⁸, review)	Unresolved; check EUR-Lex / Union list.
DG-109	Duckweed productivity	~30 t DM/ha/yr average (¹¹⁹)	up to 100 t DM/ha/yr (¹²⁰)	Use 10 to 30 for planning; 100 is an extrapolated ceiling.
DG-110	Mung bean protein quality	Pig DIAAS 86 (older pattern) (¹²¹)	Human ileal digestibility about 20% lower than pigs (¹²²)	Prefer human data for food claims.

Capital (9)

ID	Topic	Claim A	Claim B	Position taken
DG-062	Entobel total raised	~USD 36M (prior lead, no source)	USD 33M Series B (Entobel, ¹²³); USD 32.5M project cost (IFC via EWS, ¹²⁴); USD 30M (Mekong/The Investor, ¹²⁵, ¹²⁶)	USD 32.5M to 33M = USD 30M (Mekong + Dragon) + USD 2.5M (IFC). Earlier rounds undisclosed. Reject USD 36M. Same or related disagreement: DG-037, DG-063.
DG-063	IFC ticket in Entobel	~USD 10M (Petfood Industry, ¹²⁷); USD 10M equity proposed (IFC 45769, ¹²⁸)	USD 2.5M (IFC 46903, ¹²⁴)	USD 2.5M. The USD 10M proposal (January 2022) predates the final round, and the company's USD 33M total leaves room for only about USD 3M from IFC. Same or related disagreement: DG-062, DG-037.
DG-064	Vietnam VC deal count 2024	118 (2025 report, ¹²⁹)	122 (2026 report, per TNGlobal, ¹³⁰)	Use 122 (later revision); totals unchanged at USD 398M.
DG-065	Climate tech VC 2024	USD 23M in 10 deals (Do Ventures, ¹²⁹)	~USD 98M to 100M in 55 deals (CT-FE 2025, ¹³¹, ¹³²)	Definitional. CT-FE counts Techcoop (USD 70M including debt) as climate; Do Ventures counts it as agriculture. Always name the source.
DG-066	Techcoop year	Announced 28 February 2025 (¹³³)	Counted in 2024 data (¹²⁹)	Probably closed in late 2024 and announced in 2025. Year-on-year agritech swings (USD 74M to USD 1M) reflect this one deal.
DG-067	GFI H1 2026 total	USD 359M (¹³⁴, first sentence)	USD 197M "in H1 2026" (¹³⁴, later sentence)	H1 = USD 359M; USD 197M is almost certainly Q2 2026 (the Q2 pillar figures add up to USD 198M).
DG-068	Coefficient Giving RFP size	"up to $10 million" (fund page, ¹³⁵)	"up to $30 million across two rounds" (RFP page, ¹³⁶)	USD 30M (the RFP page is specific and was updated when Round 2 was added in July 2026).
DG-069	Shiok Meats round	"Series B ~USD 18M" (VN press, ¹³⁷, ¹³⁸)	not checked against primary	Unresolved; Low confidence.
DG-070	Vietnam VC 2026 YTD	USD 13.7M to March (Tracxn, ¹³⁹)	>USD 273.78M (StartupBlink via blog, ¹⁴⁰)	No position. Wait for the NIC/Do Ventures mid-year data.

Regional position (12)

ID	Topic	Claim A	Claim B	Position taken
DG-071	Aleph Farms Singapore approval date	22 Jul 2026 (SFA list, ¹⁴¹)	4 Aug 2026 (press, ¹⁴², ¹⁴³, ¹⁴⁴)	SFA date is the approval; 4 Aug is the announcement
DG-072	Aleph Farms Thailand filing	5 Dec 2024 (company release, ¹⁴⁵)	2025 (GFI India, ¹⁴⁶)	Company release
DG-073	Malaysia framework	No novel food framework, score 0 (Hawkwood, ¹⁴⁷)	Novel food provision exists (Reg. 3A, GFI State of Play, ¹⁴⁸)	A general provision exists, but there is no fermentation or cultivated guidance. Hawkwood's 0 overstates the gap. Not verified at source (FSQD site unreachable)
DG-074	Solein category	"Precision fermentation" (Green Queen, ¹⁴⁹)	Bacterial protein powder from Xanthobacter (SFA, ¹⁴¹)	Biomass (gas fermentation)
DG-075	Vietnam protein-ingredient import tonnage	2,421 t (3504) and 5,763 t (2106.10) in 2023, Vietnam-reported via WITS	China alone shipped 10,028 t (3504) and 7,957 t (2106.10) to Vietnam in 2023	Vietnam weights are WITS estimates (uniform unit value). Use China's mirror for tonnage. Values also differ (VN USD 10.1 M vs CN USD 16.3 M for 3504 from China); cause unknown (classification, valuation, timing) Same or related disagreement: DG-098.
DG-076	Hawkwood cost structure	Representative model: feedstock 10% (biomass) and 18% (PF) of cost	Text: feedstock ~35-65% (biomass) and ~30-45% (PF) across other TEAs	Both printed in the same report. For Vietnam, the point stands either way: labour and utilities are a minor share
DG-077	Angel Yeast expansion	20,000 t planned (GFI China report, ¹⁵⁰)	30,000+ t (GFI article, ¹⁵¹)	Unresolved; record both
DG-078	Vow ANZ approval	7 Apr 2025 (¹⁵²)	June 2025 (¹⁵³)	Approval by FSANZ in April; in force about June
DG-079	Singapore funding	S$144 M (2019 programme, ¹⁵⁴)	S$165 M "Food Story 2.0" (¹⁴⁸); S$42 M for 11 projects (¹⁵⁵)	Different programmes and calls, not a conflict; do not add them
DG-080	China's share of world fermentation capacity	"70%" (widely repeated)	GFI China report author: source "hard to locate and verify" (¹⁵⁰)	Do not use the 70% figure
DG-081	Hawkwood scores for other countries	First machine read: Indonesia sugar 100, Australia sugar 0	Verbatim Figure 18 read: Indonesia 14, Australia 60	Verbatim read used; it matches the text (Australia 'strong sugar'; Indonesia a large importer)
DG-082	Vietnam sugar in Hawkwood	Imports 110 kt, exports 0; "region's highest sugar yield per hectare" 2024	Not cross-checked against USDA Vietnam Sugar Annual	Treat as unverified; feedstock agent to check

Costs (7)

ID	Topic	Claim A	Claim B	Position taken
DG-083	Minimum wage 2026	Prior lead: 4.96 M VND (Region I)	Decree 293/2025: 5.31 M VND from 1 Jan 2026	Use 5.31 M. 4.96 M was the 2024 to 2025 level.
DG-084	Fishmeal price, Nov 2025	Prior lead: USD 1,600/t (unsourced)	World Bank Peru 65% CIF: USD 1,794/t	Use the World Bank figure for 65% CIF. The lead may be a lower-grade or domestic price; unverified. Same or related disagreement: DG-115, DG-116, DG-126, DG-127.
DG-085	Blended 22 kV EVN price	Consultancy example: about 2,128 VND/kWh	My calculation from the tariff and the April 2026 windows: 1,952 VND/kWh for 24/7 load	Both can be right for different load profiles (the consultancy may assume more peak-hour use). For continuous plants use 1,952. The claimed DPPA saving shrinks if the baseline is 1,952.
DG-086	World urea, March 2026	CafeF: USD 674/t	World Bank series: USD 726/t	Different series and origins. Record both; the direction (a sharp rise) agrees.
DG-087	Capex per m3 of fermentation	Vlaeminck: about USD 51,000/m3	Risner: about USD 350,000/m3	Not averaged. They reflect different designs, grades and estimation methods. Use equipment-level estimates.
DG-088	Cooling "offsets" the power advantage (prior draft)	Prior draft implied a large offset	My estimate: USD 70 to 180/t, about 2 to 4% of feed-SCP cost	Partly true, but the offset is modest and avoidable with thermotolerant strains.
DG-089	Comtrade unit values for protein ingredients	2.52 to 9.16 USD/kg	Identical unit values across all partners suggest imputed quantities	Values are usable; unit values are Low confidence. Same or related disagreement: DG-119.

Geography, institutions and outlook (6)

ID	Topic	Claim A	Claim B	Position taken
DG-122	E10 nationwide date	1 January 2026 (brief)	1 June 2026 (Circular 50/2025 text; ¹⁵⁶ press)	1 June 2026. 1 January 2026 is the circular's effective date. ¹⁵⁷ read directly. Same or related disagreement: DG-029.
DG-123	Long An	Merged into HCMC (brief option)	Merged into Tay Ninh (Resolution 202 Art 1(18))	Tay Ninh, with its capital in former Long An.
DG-124	Number of municipalities	Wikipedia summary said "8 municipalities" (fetch-model summary)	Resolution 202 and the Wikipedia table list 6	6 cities, 28 provinces. The "8" is a summarisation artefact.
DG-125	Vietnam population 2025	UN WPP 2024: 101.6 M	GSO 2025 estimate: 102.3 M (¹⁵⁸)	Use GSO for 2025 facts and UN for projections, and note the gap of about 0.7 M. Do not mix the two in growth rates. Same or related disagreement: DG-011.
DG-126	Fishmeal price level	Prior leads: USD 1,600/t (November 2025) and 1,825 later	WB series: Q4 2025 average 1,796; August 2026 2,500	WB series (¹⁵⁹) for benchmarks. The different origins (Peru FOB vs c&f Europe vs Vietnam delivered) explain part of the gap. Same or related disagreement: DG-084, DG-115, DG-116, DG-127.
DG-127	Pink Sheet month labels	First extraction put 2,045 as the June fishmeal price	Second, verbatim extraction: 2,045 = Q2 2026 average; June 2,145; July 2,103; August 2,500	Second extraction used. Same or related disagreement: DG-084, DG-115, DG-116, DG-126.

Futures 2030 to 2050 (28)

ID	Topic	Claim A	Claim B	Position taken
DG-143	Gas-route electricity per kg of protein	41 kWh per kg (balance model; lower-efficiency published case, ¹⁶⁰, ¹⁶¹)	About 69 kWh per kg (2030 plant design, ¹⁶²)	Keep 41 in the model and report the 69 kWh case: break-even grid intensity about 12 g instead of 21 g CO2 per kWh; S-ALT 2050 electricity about 19 TWh instead of 11.7. The conclusion (dedicated clean power is a precondition) holds either way. Edition 1.1 (futures round).
DG-144	Maize imports, 2035	13.9 Mt (balance model)	16.6 Mt (OECD-FAO, ¹⁶³)	Report both. OECD-FAO has 4.4 Mt of non-feed use by 2035 against our 1.6 Mt, and rising domestic output. Edition 1.1 (futures round).
DG-145	Fishmeal feed use, 2035	274 kt (balance model)	339 kt (OECD-FAO, ¹⁶³)	Report both. Our inclusion rates fall 1.5% a year; OECD-FAO use rises. Edition 1.1 (futures round).
DG-146	Meat output against the 2030 target	About 6.0 Mt carcass weight in 2025 on NSO data (¹⁶⁴), already inside the 2030 range	Target 6.0 to 6.5 Mt for 2030 (Decision 1520, ¹⁶⁵)	Report both. Either the target is conservative or NSO live weights run high. Edition 1.1 (futures round).
DG-147	Soybean-meal supply, MY2026/27	About 9 Mt of meal supply implied by USDA import forecasts (¹⁶⁶)	7.8 Mt of feed use (USDA Post, ¹⁶⁷); 7.7 Mt in the model	Logged. USDA imports imply stock building, exports or higher use than its own feed forecast. Edition 1.1 (futures round).
DG-148	Maize imports, MY2026/27	15 Mt (USDA Post, ¹)	About 12.3 Mt (model, 2027 interpolation)	Report both; the model is calibrated on 2025 customs imports (11.9 Mt). Edition 1.1 (futures round).
DG-149	Alternative-protein research intensity against Thailand	0.37 against 1.58 plant-based or cultivated meat records per 10,000 publications, about 23% (OpenAIRE, edition 1.0, ¹⁶⁸)	4.1 against 13.4 core-basket works per 10,000 national publications, 2015 to 2025, about 31% (OpenAlex, ¹⁶⁹)	Say "about a quarter to a third of Thailand's". Edition 1.1 (futures round).
DG-150	Rice land, 2030	3.56 Mha, keep stable (Decision 1748)	3,252.63 thousand ha (Decision 1177, ¹⁷⁰)	Use Decision 1177: later, and it adjusts the national land plan. Edition 1.1 (futures round).
DG-151	Renewables in primary energy, 2030	15 to 20% (green growth strategy, Decision 1658)	25 to 30% (Resolution 70, ¹⁷¹)	Use Resolution 70: later and higher-ranking. Edition 1.1 (futures round).
DG-152	GDP per person, 2050	USD 27,000 to 32,000 (Resolution 81, ¹⁷²)	About USD 38,000 (Resolution 252, ¹⁷³)	Use Resolution 252, which amends Resolution 81. Edition 1.1 (futures round).
DG-153	Power-sector emissions cap, 2030	197 to 199 MtCO2e (Decision 768, ¹⁷⁴)	At most 170 MtCO2e (Decision 458, press summary)	Unresolved; Decision 768 used in calculations. Edition 1.1 (futures round).
DG-154	Mekong hydrogen project sizes	About 30 kt of H2 a year each (¹⁷⁵)	24, 24, 70 and 5.3 kt (¹⁷⁶)	Totals agree (about 120 to 123 kt); use ¹⁷⁶. Edition 1.1 (futures round).
DG-155	Ca Mau farmed shrimp, 2025	594,851 t (¹⁷⁷)	577,000 t (¹⁷⁸)	Use 594,851 t; the gap is 3%. Edition 1.1 (futures round).
DG-156	Capture fisheries, 2030	2.8 Mt target (Decision 339, ¹⁷⁹)	3.50 Mt (OECD-FAO, ¹⁸⁰)	Report both; OECD-FAO does not model the fleet cut. Edition 1.1 (futures round).
DG-157	Domestic soybean area and yield	Under 20 thousand ha; 1.62 t per ha (¹⁸¹)	39 thousand ha; 1.28 t per ha (OECD-FAO, ¹⁸⁰)	Area 20 to 39 thousand ha; yield unresolved. Edition 1.1 (futures round).
DG-158	Vietnamese fishmeal output	325 kt (OECD-FAO, 2025, ¹⁸⁰)	About 500 kt a year, 2005 to 2016 (secondary, ¹⁸²)	Use OECD-FAO; the 500 kt may include fish powder. Edition 1.1 (futures round).
DG-159	Marine finfish feed conversion on trash fish	2 to 2.5 (¹⁸³)	Grouper 5.9, wet weight (¹⁸⁴)	Use 5 to 8 on a wet-weight basis. Edition 1.1 (futures round).
DG-160	Marine feed volume, 2025	18 kt (our base, aquaculture paths)	80 to 100 kt (industry, ²; Appendix H)	Unresolved; open question logged. It affects species-level marine-feed estimates, not the national soybean-meal total. Edition 1.1 (futures round).
DG-161	Approved GE events for food and feed	60 in total (¹⁸⁵)	52 when summed by crop in the same summary	Report 60 as stated; breakdown incomplete. Edition 1.1 (futures round).
DG-162	Khanh Hoa offshore mariculture pilot area	440 ha (Decision 231, ¹⁸⁶)	Phases in the same summary add up to 240 ha	Report 440 ha as the headline and flag the gap. Edition 1.1 (futures round).
DG-163	National rice straw	About 52 to 54 Mt a year at a straw-to-grain ratio of 1.19 (¹⁸⁷; ¹⁸⁸)	About 97 Mt at a ratio of 2.2 (¹⁸⁹)	Use the 1.19 ratio. Edition 1.1 (futures round).
DG-164	Cellulosic sugar cost	USD 342 to 467 per t (mature-plant models, ¹⁹⁰, ¹⁹¹)	USD 1,320 per t (lab-optimised Indian bagasse process, ¹⁹²)	Report both; first-of-a-kind plants cost far more per tonne of capacity. Edition 1.1 (futures round).
DG-165	Carbon footprint of Argentine soybean meal	0.72 t CO2e per t (¹⁹³)	4.09 t CO2e per t with country-level land-use change (¹⁹⁴)	Report both; the accounting method acts as the carbon price. Edition 1.1 (futures round).
DG-166	Cultivated-meat volume forecasts	Consultancy forecasts: 35% of "meat" by 2040 (Kearney, 2019); 1.5 Mt by 2030 (McKinsey, 2021) (¹⁹⁵ to ¹⁹⁶)	Expert panel: 54% chance world output stays below 100,000 t a year through 2051 (¹⁹⁷)	Use the probabilistic panel; only 9 of 84 resolved timeline predictions made before 2021 were right (¹⁹⁸). Edition 1.1 (futures round).
DG-167	US tariff changes on Vietnam, 2025 to 2026	"Four regimes in 16 months" (¹⁹⁹ to ²⁰⁰)	The 46% rate was announced but never applied; three rates were applied: 20%, 10% and 12.5% (²⁰¹)	Say "changed four times in 16 months, with three different rates applied". Edition 1.1 (futures round).
DG-168	African swine fever counts	952 to 3,029 outbreaks a year (2020 to 2024)	2019 counted by communes (8,553 of 10,614), not outbreaks (²⁰²)	Report outbreaks for 2020 to 2024 only; describe 2019 separately. Edition 1.1 (futures round).
DG-169	Value of cheaper capital for fermentation protein	"Worth a decade of learning" (early ECF draft)	Script output: USD 3,613 per t with no learning at a 9% charge, close to the central learning case in 2030 (USD 3,557), not 2040 (USD 3,176)	Say "does as much as the learning expected by 2030". Edition 1.1 (futures round).
DG-170	Methane target base year, 2050	40% below 2020 by 2050	40% below 2030 by 2050 (NTS reading of Decision 896)	Read the 2050 base as 2030 (Medium); open question logged. Edition 1.1 (futures round).

Nguồn được trích dẫn trong trang

Toàn bộ nguồn (Phụ lục T)

MAC-01 USDA FAS GAIN. Vietnam: Grain and Feed Annual, report VM2026-0012. 15 Apr 2026
MAC-06 Mardiana. Aquafeeds in 2025: Disrupted by tariffs. 30 Jun 2026
MAC-15 NSO. Thuy san Viet Nam quy IV va ca nam 2025: Giu da tang truong, vuot thach thuc, huong toi phat trien ben vung. 8 Jan 2026
MAC-12 VnEconomy. Chan nuoi Viet Nam 2025: Tang truong 4,5%, nguon cung Tet 2026 doi dao. 2025
MAC-13 NSO. Bao cao tinh hinh kinh te - xa hoi quy IV va nam 2025. Jan 2026
MAC-28 VietDVM. San luong thuc an chan nuoi nam 2024 dat 21,5 trieu tan, tang 3,4% so voi nam 2023. 2024
FM-04 Mardiana. Aquafeeds in 2025: Disrupted by tariffs. 30 Jun 2026
FM-02 World Bank commodity series via IndexMundi. Fishmeal, Peru Fish meal/pellets 65% protein, CIF, USD per metric ton. Jan 2020
COST-27 World Bank Commodity Price Data via IndexMundi. Fishmeal, Peru 65%, CIF
FM-01 World Bank. Commodity Price Data (The Pink Sheet). 2 Sep 2026
MAC-41 Indian Journal of Fisheries 68. Chemoattractants: their essentiality and efficacy in shrimp aquaculture. 2021
FM-33 Animals 13. Effects of dietary chenodeoxycholic acid supplementation in a low fishmeal diet containing Clostridium autoethanogenum protein on growth ... of Litopenaeus vannamei. 2023
FM-34 Frontiers in Immunology. Supplemental effects of Haematococcus pluvialis in a low-fish meal diet for Litopenaeus vannamei at varying temperatures. 2024
FM-10 Tap chi Thuy san Viet Nam. Nhieu doanh nghiep dong loat tang gia thuc an thuy san. 5 Jun 2026
MAC-42 Da, C. T., Lundh, T., Lindberg, J. E. Growth performance, feed utilisation and biological indices of Tra catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) cultured in net cages in pond fed diets based on locally available feed resources. 2016
FS-04 Ministry of Industry and Trade. Tận dụng phế thải công nghiệp chế biến tinh bột sắn tạo sản phẩm giá trị gia tăng cao. 24 March 2021
FS-02 ASEAN Cassava Centre. Vietnam: Starch Production Information. 27 January 2023
FS-07 Nông nghiệp và Môi trường. Ngành sắn vượt thách thức: [Bài 4] Ngã rẽ phát triển bền vững hay tụt hậu?. 12 October 2025
FS-17 Bui, T.-A., Pham, V.-H., & Nguyen, T. P. Study of using cassava pulp to produce livestock feed pellet. 2018
FS-18 Vongsamphanh, P., Napasirth, V., Inthapanya, S., & Preston, T. R. Cassava pulp as livestock feed; effects of storage in an open pit. 2014
FS-20 Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Sciences. Factors affecting the utilisation of cassava products for poultry feeding [Review]. 2021
FS-16 Tuổi Trẻ. Biến bã khoai mì thành thức ăn chăn nuôi giá trị cao. 16 June 2005
FS-05 Phommakod, S., Lueangwattanapong, K., Chaiprasert, P., & Songkasiri, W. Valorization of biomaterial side streams: Kinetics of cassava pulp and its components degradation by Clostridium manihotivorum CT4T. 2026
FS-19 Phanthavong, V. et al. Fattening Yellow cattle on cassava root pulp, urea and rice straw. 2018
FS-13 VnEconomy. Xuất khẩu sắn vượt 1 tỷ USD, nhưng thiếu tính bền vững. 18 November 2025
FS-01 Dân Việt. Việt Nam đang là nhà cung cấp lớn nhất một thứ tinh bột cho Trung Quốc, năm 2025 bán được gần 3,7 triệu tấn. January 2026
FS-08 Stockbiz. Sắn vào chu kỳ giá: [Bài cuối] Ethanol tạo động lực mới. 7 August 2026
FS-09 Báo Chính phủ. Sản xuất ethanol cho xăng E10: Nhà máy chuyển đổi nguyên liệu, hướng tới 125% công suất. 4 August 2026
FS-28 nutriNews. Vietnamese rice bran transforms into a multi-million-dollar export. 17 June 2025
FS-42 biahoihanoi83. Cập nhật giá bán bã bia tươi tốt nhất cho hộ chăn nuôi bò, lợn. 19 March 2026
FS-26 Tạp chí Công Thương. Giá lúa gạo hôm nay ngày 19/9/2026: Giá gạo Đài thơm giảm 500 đồng/kg. 19 September 2026
FS-35 Tạp chí Công Thương. Đường Quảng Ngãi (QNS) với tham vọng khép kín chuỗi giá trị Mía - Đường - Điện sinh khối - Ethanol. 15 July 2024
IND-19 Bao Chinh phu. Tai khoi dong nha may nhien lieu sinh hoc Dung Quat vao thang 11/2025. September 2025
IND-18 Bao Tuyen Quang. Tai khoi dong cac nha may Ethanol phuc vu lo trinh xang sinh hoc. 26 March 2026
IND-20 CafeF. Hoi sinh loat nha may ethanol nghin ty. 10 July 2026
IND-22 Sugarcane Research Institute. Xang E10 tao cu hich cho ethanol, Duong Quang Ngai (QNS) don co hoi lon. 16 July 2026
IND-47 VCCI WTO Center. Viet Nam ngay cang thu hut cac nha san xuat thuc an chan nuoi. 23 October 2023
IND-43 Tepbac. Ban do FDI nganh thuy san Viet Nam: Ap dao tu cong nghe va von ngoai. 13 May 2026
IND-48 Tuoi Tre. 'Vua' sua dau nanh thu ve 28 ti dong binh quan moi ngay. 27 February 2025
IND-49 VnBusiness. Vinasoy khanh thanh nha may sua dau nanh thu 3 tai Binh Duong. December 2017
IND-50 Thanh Nien. Vinasoy vao Top 5 cong ty sua dau nanh lon nhat the gioi. 18 December 2022
IND-31 Tuoi Tre. Chinh thuc khoi cong nha may vac xin va sinh pham VNVC. 28 May 2025
IND-32 Nguoi Quan sat. Viet Nam sap co nha may san xuat vac xin the he moi tri gia 2.500 ty dong. 9 July 2026
IND-13 The Asia Business Daily. New Vietnam factory operational. 27 October 2020
IND-11 Daesang Vietnam. About Daesang Vietnam (history, plants)
IND-01 Vedan Vietnam Enterprise Corp. Vedan Vietnam, home page (plants, products, 700 m3 tanks). undated
IND-66 Wikipedia. Provinces of Vietnam
IND-27 Nha Dau tu. Carlsberg muon nang cong suat nha may bia o Hue len 600 trieu lit/nam. 2 February 2025
IND-28 Thanh Nien. Gan 90 trieu USD mo rong nha may bia lon nhat chau A cua Carlsberg Viet Nam. 26 August 2025
ECO-01 Entobel. Entobel Sets Industry Record with the Opening of the Largest Insect Protein Production Plant in Asia. 23 Nov 2023
ECO-06 Hatchery International. Entobel opens Asia's largest insect protein plant in Vietnam. 2023
ECO-03 Early Warning System database. CnC-Entobel (IFC-46903). 23 Feb 2023
ECO-04 PetfoodIndustry. Insect protein company Entobel secures funding in Vietnam. 18 Apr 2023
ECO-02 Mekong Capital investment page. Entobel. undated
ECO-42 VnExpress. Vinasoy đầu tư 1.300 tỷ đồng nâng công suất nhà máy sữa đậu nành. 26 Aug 2015
ECO-41 Tuổi Trẻ. 'Vua' sữa đậu nành thu về 28 tỉ đồng bình quân mỗi ngày. 27 Feb 2025
ECO-17 Nhịp Cầu Đầu Tư. Thịt thực vật thị trường tỉ USD. 15 Jul 2022
ECO-19 Doanh Nhân Trẻ Việt Nam. Thịt thực vật - xu hướng tiêu dùng của tương lai. 7 Jun 2022
ECO-18 Nhịp Cầu Đầu Tư. Thị trường thịt thực vật: Tiềm năng ra sao?. 1 Mar 2024
ECO-15 Jovel Chan. 12 Plant-based alternatives redefining what it means to be meat/dairy-free in Vietnam. 2022
ECO-39 Thanh Niên. Công ty chế biến bột mì xả thải ra môi trường. 25 Dec 2020
ECO-40 AltProtein Vietnam project file. Nha Trang field data: Lotte Mart + Co.opmart. 6 Sep 2026
ECO-45 Báo Đầu Tư. Bộ sữa hạt TH true NUT chính thức được bán tại Việt Nam. Mar 2018
VCO-10 Royal De Heus. De Heus expands aquaculture capabilities with new marine and cold-water fish feed mill. 22 Jul 2026
VCO-07 Royal De Heus. Royal De Heus expands its Asian footprint with the acquisition of CJ Feed & Care. 1 Oct 2025
VCO-08 Royal De Heus. De Heus successfully completes acquisition of CJ Feed & Care, marking a significant expansion in Asia. 3 Mar 2026
VCO-03 Vedan International. Milestones. undated
ECO-32 VISSAN homepage
VCO-13 Vietstock Finance. VSN: Ho so doanh nghiep
VCO-09 De Heus Vietnam. De Heus Vietnam, home page
FORM-01 AltProtein Vietnam. AltProtein Vietnam retail field audit, Nha Trang 6 Sep 2026 and Ho Chi Minh City 16 and 20 Sep 2026, 186 SKUs, 11 stores. 6 to 20 Sep 2026
FORM-38 Simple Foods. 137 Degrees Almond Milk Original
FORM-33 Quang Ngai Sugar JSC (QNS) website
FORM-19 AEON eShop, search. An Nhiên
FORM-18 Chaysach.com. [150g] Gà viên chay An Nhiên
FORM-22 CJ Foods Vietnam. Chả giò bánh rế chay đặc biệt
FORM-02 World Bank WITS / UN Comtrade. Vietnam Protein concentrates and textured protein subst imports by country, 2023. 2023
FORM-05 World Bank WITS / UN Comtrade. China Protein concentrates and textured protein subst exports by country, 2023. 2023
FORM-03 World Bank WITS / UN Comtrade. Vietnam Wheat gluten imports by country, 2023. 2023
FORM-07 World Bank WITS / UN Comtrade. China Wheat gluten exports by country, 2023. 2023
FORM-09 USDA FAS GAIN. Oilseeds and Products Annual, Vietnam. 2025
REG-17 Thư Viện Pháp Luật. Luật An toàn thực phẩm mới nhất 2026 và tổng hợp văn bản hướng dẫn. 15 Sep 2026
REG-06 Báo Chính phủ. Tiếp tục áp dụng Nghị định 15/2018/NĐ-CP về an toàn thực phẩm cho đến khi có quy định mới (Resolution 15/2026/NQ-CP). 8 Apr 2026
REG-07 Government. Nghị quyết 66.13/2026/NQ-CP về công bố, đăng ký sản phẩm thực phẩm. 27 Jan 2026
REG-03 Government. Decree No. 46/2026/ND-CP detailing the Law on Food Safety. 26 Jan 2026
REG-04 LuatVietnam. 6 điểm mới tại Nghị định 46/2026/NĐ-CP về quản lý an toàn thực phẩm. 2026
REG-19 USDA FAS GAIN. Vietnam Updates Regulatory Framework for Agricultural Biotechnology (VM2026-0013). 23 Apr 2026
REG-23 Thư Viện Pháp Luật. Thủ tục cấp giấy xác nhận sinh vật biến đổi gen đủ điều kiện sử dụng làm thực phẩm, thức ăn chăn nuôi từ 26/01/2026. 26/01/2026
REG-20 ISAAA Crop Biotech Update. Vietnam Updates Regulatory Framework for Agricultural Biotechnology. 29 Apr 2026
REG-18 Government. Nghị định 43/2026/NĐ-CP sửa đổi các Nghị định trong lĩnh vực bảo tồn thiên nhiên và đa dạng sinh học. 26 Jan 2026
REG-35 Government. Nghị định 32/2026/NĐ-CP sửa đổi các Nghị định trong lĩnh vực chăn nuôi, thú y. 21 Jan 2026
REG2-11 Government. Nghị định 43/2026/NĐ-CP (Art 37a added to Decree 69/2010; Art 5 definition). 26 Jan 2026
REG2-12 MAE. Quyết định 375/QĐ-BNNMT năm 2026 công bố thủ tục hành chính mới, được sửa đổi, bổ sung, bị bãi bỏ (bảo tồn thiên nhiên và đa dạng sinh học). 29 Jan 2026
REG2-02 National Assembly. Luật Thủy sản 2017 (18/2017/QH14). 21 Nov 2017
REG2-01 MAE. Thông tư 16/2026/TT-BNNMT quản lý giống thủy sản, thức ăn thủy sản, sản phẩm xử lý môi trường nuôi trồng thủy sản. 9 Mar 2026
REG-16 Ministry of Health. Tờ trình Chính phủ xây dựng Nghị quyết (MOH submission on food declaration mechanisms). 24 Jul 2025
REG2-05 Báo Chính phủ. Những điểm mới theo 4 chính sách trong dự thảo Luật An toàn thực phẩm sửa đổi. 31 Jul 2026
REG2-06 Báo Chính phủ. Sửa Luật An toàn thực phẩm: Đề cao trách nhiệm của cơ quan quản lý, doanh nghiệp kinh doanh thực phẩm. 30 Jul 2026
REG2-21 Government. Nghị định 73/2025/NĐ-CP sửa đổi mức thuế suất thuế nhập khẩu ưu đãi của một số mặt hàng. 31 Mar 2025
RD-13 Internal leads, not evidence. AltProtein Vietnam prior drafts (00-prior-leads.md; project doc fermentation-wave-1-pack.md)
RD-31 Nguyen T.T.N. Influences of technological hydrolysis condition on nucleic acid content of spent brewer's yeast hydrolysate. 2018
RD-61 Le T.H.Y. et al. Quality evaluation of Vietnam traditional soy sauce concerning nutritional composition and aflatoxin criteria. 2025
RD-23 Vuong M.-D. et al. Functional characterization of protein from rice-based ethanol by-products for food industry use. 2025
RD-59 Stadtlander T. et al. Partial replacement of fishmeal with duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) in feed for Eurasian perch and rainbow trout. 2023
RD-03 GFI. Grants
RD-08 Law on Science, Technology and Innovation No. 93/2025/QH15, thuvienphapluat.vn
RD-01 scite.ai literature database. 2026-09-23
INF-15 Can Tho University. Danh mục ngành và chỉ tiêu tuyển sinh ĐHCQ. 2026
INF-16 Tuyensinh247. Can Tho University admissions plan 2026. 2026
INF-05 HCMC Biotechnology Center, technology transfer services list. undated
INF-25 Hoa Lac Hi-Tech Park, zones page (zone areas; managing board address)
SCI-15 Dolgin J et al. Engineered Vibrio natriegens lysate can replace multiple components of cell culture media. 2026
SCI-14 Humbird D. Scale-up economics for cultured meat. 2021
SCI-18 Karimi S et al. Evaluation of Filamentous Fungal Biomass Cultivated on Vinasse as an Alternative Nutrient Source of Fish Feed. 2019
SCI-20 Coelho MOC et al. Ingestion of a Nucleotide-Rich Mixed Meal Increases Serum Uric Acid. 2020
SCI-21 D'Almeida AP, de Albuquerque TL. Is It Possible to Produce Meat Without Animals?. 2025
SCI-28 EFSA NDA Panel. Safety of Wolffia globosa powder as a Novel food. 2021
SCI-31 Venkatachalam K et al. Wolffia globosa as an Emerging Plant-Based Protein Source. 2026
SCI-36 Salian A et al. Lemnaceae as a poultry feed supplement: a review. 2026
SCI-37 Pagliuso D et al. Duckweeds as Promising Food Feedstocks Globally. 2022
SCI-41 Han F, Moughan PJ et al. DIAAS of Six Cooked Chinese Pulses. 2020
SCI-42 Shivakumar N et al. Protein-quality evaluation of complementary foods in Indian children. 2019
CAP-08 Entobel. Entobel Sets Industry Record with the Opening of the Largest Insect Protein Production Plant in Asia. 23 Nov 2023
CAP-04 CnC-Entobel. 23 Feb 2023
CAP-01 Mekong Capital. Mekong Enterprise Fund IV invested US$25 million in Entobel. 9 May 2022
CAP-02 The Investor. Mekong Capital, Dragon Capital invest $30 mln in biotech firm Entobel. 10 May 2022
CAP-07 Petfood Industry. Insect protein company Entobel secures funding in Vietnam. 18 Apr 2023
CAP-03 Entobel Equity. 7 Jan 2022
CAP-20 Do Ventures with NIC. Vietnam Innovation & Private Capital Report 2025. May 2025
CAP-22 TNGlobal. Vietnam's private capital surges to $4.5B as PE hits record-high, IPO remains shut for technology. 29 May 2026
CAP-25 Climate-tech sector sees surge in venture capital investment. 8 Dec 2025
CAP-26 DealStreetAsia. Climate tech funding rises in Vietnam but structural challenges remain. 5 Dec 2025
CAP-19 VnEconomy. Mot startup cong nghe nong nghiep Viet goi von thanh cong 70 trieu USD. 28 Feb 2025
CAP-51 Alternative protein investment. Alternative protein investment, data page. 4 Aug 2026
CAP-56 Farm Animal Welfare. Farm Animal Welfare, fund page
CAP-57 Coefficient Giving. Request for Proposals: Alternative Protein R&D. 23 Jul 2026
CAP-16 Bao Dau Tu. Dau tu vao start-up nuoc ngoai, Vinh Hoan huong den hai san, thit duoc nuoi cay tu te bao. 2021
CAP-17 Nhip Cau Dau Tu. Viet Nam tham gia chuoi cung ung thuc pham nhan tao. 18 Aug 2021
CAP-27 Tracxn. Startups in Vietnam: 2026 funding. March 2026
CAP-28 mean.ceo blog. Startups in Vietnam News, September 2026. September 2026
RGN-04 Singapore Food Agency. SFA list of approved novel foods. 14 Aug 2026
RGN-29 Green Queen. Aleph Farms Secures Singapore Approval for Cultivated Beef, Targets 2027 Restaurant Launch. 4 Aug 2026
RGN-30 FoodNavigator. Cultivated beef steak to hit Singapore food scene with historic approval. 4 Aug 2026
RGN-31 Cultivated X. Singapore Clears Its First Cultivated Beef With Aleph Farms Approval. 4 Aug 2026
RGN-32 Aleph Farms. Aleph Farms Submits First-Ever Application for Cultivated Meat in Thailand. 5 Dec 2024
RGN-17 GFI India. Novel food regulations around the world. 4 Aug 2026
RGN-01 Morton, J., Powell, D. (GFI APAC) and Day, T. (Hawkwood Biotech). Where to Build: site selection and competitiveness in APAC fermentation manufacturing. October 2025
RGN-19 GFI APAC. State of Play: APAC. June 2025
RGN-06 Green Queen. Singapore Food Agency Publishes List of Approved Novel Foods. 20 Apr 2026
RGN-24 van der Kley, D. China Biomanufacturing Study Report. 31 Jul 2026
RGN-25 GFI APAC. An Exclusive Look Inside China's 'New Proteins' Sector. 2025
RGN-18 Wikipedia. Cultured meat
RGN-20 GFI APAC. GFI APAC's 2025 Report Card + 6 Things to Watch in 2026. Jan 2026
RGN-22 GFI APAC. How governments are supporting sustainable protein research in APAC. undated
RGN-09 Green Queen. Singapore Food Security Plan Drops '30 By 30' Policy & Lab-Grown Meat. 6 Nov 2025
FS-10 Báo Chính phủ. Từ ethanol đến xăng E10: Khi chuỗi nhiên liệu sinh học đi vào vận hành. 15 June 2026
GT-10 MOIT. Thông tư 50/2025/TT-BCT quy định lộ trình áp dụng tỷ lệ phối trộn nhiên liệu sinh học với nhiên liệu truyền thống tại Việt Nam. 7 Nov 2025
MAC-19 NSO. Press release: socio-economic situation in the fourth quarter and 2025. Jan 2026
GT-15 World Bank. Commodity Price Data (The Pink Sheet). 2 Sep 2026
QNT-10 Sillman, J., Uusitalo, V., Ruuskanen, V. and others. A life cycle environmental sustainability analysis of microbial protein production via power-to-food approaches. 2020
QNT-11 Jean, A.B. and Brown, R.C.. Techno-economic analysis of gas fermentation for the production of single cell protein. 2024
FTG-01 Fasihi, M., Jouzi, F., Tervasmaki, P., et al.. Global potential of sustainable single-cell protein based on variable renewable electricity. 2025
QNT-01 OECD and FAO. OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2026-2035, data via the OECD SDMX API, dataflow OECD.TAD.ATM DSD_AGR@DF_OUTLOOK_2026_2035 version 1.1. June 2026
MAC-14 NSO. Mot so net chinh tinh hinh kinh te - xa hoi quy IV va nam 2025. Jan 2026
REG-54 Prime Minister. Quyết định 1520/QĐ-TTg 2020 chiến lược phát triển chăn nuôi 2021 to 2030. 6 Oct 2020
QNT-07 USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. Oilseeds: World Markets and Trade. September 2026
MAC-04 USDA FAS GAIN. Vietnam: Oilseeds and Products Annual, report VM2026-0006 (Nguyen Linh). 15 Apr 2026
BIB-01 OpenAIRE AMKE. OpenAIRE Graph API v1, researchProducts endpoint
HSC-01 OpenAlex works API, queried through the OpenAlex MCP connector (no personal identifiers sent). 2026-09-24
NTS-15 Prime Minister. Quyết định 1177/QĐ-TTg điều chỉnh Quy hoạch sử dụng đất quốc gia 2021 to 2030, tầm nhìn 2050. 30 Jun 2026
NTS-19 Politburo. Nghị quyết 70-NQ/TW về bảo đảm an ninh năng lượng quốc gia đến năm 2030, tầm nhìn 2045. 20 Aug 2025
NTS-13 National Assembly. Nghị quyết 81/2023/QH15 về Quy hoạch tổng thể quốc gia 2021 to 2030, tầm nhìn 2050. 9 Jan 2023
NTS-14 National Assembly. Nghị quyết 252/2025/QH15 sửa đổi Nghị quyết 81/2023/QH15. 10 Dec 2025
GT-11 Prime Minister. Quyết định 768/QĐ-TTg năm 2025 phê duyệt Điều chỉnh Quy hoạch phát triển điện lực quốc gia thời kỳ 2021-2030, tầm nhìn đến năm 2050. 15 Apr 2025
FTG-17 Tạp chí Năng lượng Việt Nam. Báo cáo tình hình thực hiện Chiến lược năng lượng hydrogen ở Việt Nam. 6 Mar 2025
HUB-04 VnEconomy. Nhu cầu chưa có là 'nút thắt' phát triển năng lượng hydrogen xanh. 24 Jun 2025
HUB-15 VASEP. Cà Mau: Sản lượng tôm đạt gần 600.000 tấn, vượt kế hoạch năm 2025. 13 Dec 2025
HUB-17 VnExpress. C.P. Việt Nam mở rộng năng lực sản xuất thức ăn thủy sản. 14 Aug 2026
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AQF-21 USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. Biotechnology and Other New Production Technologies Annual, Vietnam, VM2025-0045. 1 Dec 2025
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NGF-01 Cuong, T.T., Le, H.A., Khai, N.M. and others. Renewable energy from biomass surplus resource: potential of power generation from rice straw in Vietnam. 2021
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HSC-23 Boston Consulting Group. The benefits of plant-based meats. March 2021
HSC-18 Rethink Priorities. Forecasts estimate limited cultured meat production through 2050. 22 March 2022
HSC-19 Rethink Priorities. Cultured meat predictions were overly optimistic. 15 September 2021
GEO-02 The White House. Joint Statement on United States-Vietnam Framework for an Agreement on Reciprocal, Fair, and Balanced Trade. 26 Oct 2025
GEO-05 Federal Register API search results. Initiation of Section 301 Investigation: Vietnam's [IP] Protection. 3 Jun 2026
GEO-48 Tariffstool.com. Vietnam Tariff 2026. 2026
GEO-15 Chuong V.D., Schambow R.A., Nguyen D., et al.. Epidemiology and Control of African Swine Fever in Vietnam: A Scoping Review. 2025

#Protein economy and feed (14)

#Feed market (7)

#Feedstocks (13)

#Industrial capacity (9)

#Companies and ecosystem (9)

#Company verification (6)

#Retail audit and formulation (14)

#Regulation (14)

#Research and talent (11)

#Infrastructure and talent (4)

#Science (7)

#Capital (9)

#Regional position (12)

#Costs (7)

#Geography, institutions and outlook (6)

#Futures 2030 to 2050 (28)

Nguồn được trích dẫn trong trang

Protein economy and feed (14)

Feed market (7)

Feedstocks (13)

Industrial capacity (9)

Companies and ecosystem (9)

Company verification (6)

Retail audit and formulation (14)

Regulation (14)

Research and talent (11)

Infrastructure and talent (4)

Science (7)

Capital (9)

Regional position (12)

Costs (7)

Geography, institutions and outlook (6)

Futures 2030 to 2050 (28)