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Chương 11 · Phần III

11. What Vietnam eats and pays for protein

Vietnamese adults already eat enough protein and far more meat than national guidance advises, and everyday protein such as eggs and chicken is cheap, while imported plant-based analogues cost 12 to 18 times as much per gram of protein. These facts set the price, protein and format targets for any new protein.

16 phút đọcÝ nghĩa các nhãn

Nội dung trang này bằng tiếng Anh. Đọc bản tóm tắt tiếng Việt

Trong trang này
  1. 11.1 A high-meat diet that is still rising
  2. 11.2 Enough protein for adults, and for school-age children
  3. 11.3 The price ladder a new protein must climb
  4. 11.4 Where protein sits in the dish
  5. 11.5 Price shocks and what people switch to
  6. 11.6 Health and food safety as demand drivers
  7. 11.7 Vietnam against its neighbours
  8. 11.8 What this means for the frontier

In one paragraph. Any new protein in Vietnam enters a diet that is already rich in meat and still moving towards more of it. The national nutrition survey measured meat intake of 136.4 g per person per day in 2020, against a recommendation of 50 to 80 g, and animal foods now supply 42% of protein, twice the 1990 share. Health guidance asks people to eat legumes daily and red meat in moderation, while the livestock strategy's 2030 meat target has already been reached. Adults eat enough protein on average, so "more protein" is not the pitch. Children are not a protein market either: stunting (18% in 2023, 32% among ethnic minority children) is set before age two, and school lunches, even in upland boarding schools, already carry meat, fish or egg with enough protein and zinc; the documented shortfalls are breakfast, calcium and vitamin A. Soy foods are already everyday food: 40% of adults ate tofu, soy milk or beans the day before in a 2021 national survey. Protein is cheap: eggs and chicken cost VND 34,000 to 45,000 per 100 g of protein, tofu and dry legumes less, and lean pork about VND 71,000. Imported plant-based analogues cost VND 542,000 to 622,000. Protein sits in Vietnamese meals as noodle toppings, fillings, rolls and braised side dishes. When pork prices jumped 70% after African swine fever, households switched to chicken and imports, not to tofu. Together these facts give the targets a new protein must meet on price, protein content and format, and they show where demand is growing: poultry and eating out.

11.1 A high-meat diet that is still rising

Intake. The General Nutrition Survey 2019 to 2020 (22,400 households in 25 provinces) measured meat intake of 136.4 g per person per day in 2020, up from 84 g in 2010; urban residents ate 155.3 g. The national recommendation is 50 to 80 g 1,2 . No newer national intake survey has been published: in September 2026 the National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) still cited the 2020 figures 3 . 136.4 g

Supply. FAO food balance sheets put meat supply at 60.5 kg per person in 2023 (carcass weight), up from 41.0 kg in 2010, and total protein supply at 102.2 g per person per day, of which 43.2 g (42%) came from animal foods. The animal share was 21% in 1990 and 28% in 2000 4,5 . Rice still supplies 27.0 g of protein a day and soy foods only 4.9 g 4 . 42%

Daily reach. The grams understate how widely plant protein is eaten. The one national probability survey of what people ate, the Diet Quality Questionnaire (a Gallup telephone sample of 1,007 adults, 13 November to 12 December 2021), found that 40.0% of adults had eaten dried beans, soybeans, tofu, soy milk or bean flour on the previous day, with no urban and rural gap (40.5% and 39.2%). In the same survey 92.1% had eaten meat, poultry or fish and 76.1% unprocessed red meat 6,7,8 . Soy foods are an everyday side for two adults in five, eaten beside meat rather than instead of it (our inference) . Full indicators: diet_quality_vietnam.csv and D1. Diet and prices.

Direction. The OECD-FAO outlook projects meat food use per person rising from 49.8 kg in 2025 to 62.2 kg in 2035 (retail weight), a rise of 25%. Poultry leads, from 17.0 to 25.8 kg; pork rises only from 28.6 to 31.5 kg 9 . With population growth this adds about 1.56 Mt of meat a year by 2035 (our calculation) 9,10 . Population rises only about 5% over the same decade, so almost all of the growth is more meat per person 10 . Official targets point the same way. The livestock strategy (Decision 1520/QĐ-TTg) aims for 58 to 62 kg of carcass meat per person by 2030, a level FAO supply had already reached in 2023, while the health ministry's guidance asks for red meat in moderation (section 11.6) 11,4 . The balance model of Part IV uses the same outlook (Protein balance 2050). +25%

Who eats more. At home, urban and rural households now use the same amount of meat (2.60 kg per person a month in 2024); urban meat growth has moved to eating out. The richest fifth uses 3.17 kg and the poorest 1.97 kg, but the poorest fifth's meat use nearly doubled from 2010 to 2024, so growth now comes from lower-income households catching up 12 . Home meat use has been flat since 2022, the first pause since 2010. With eating out recovering and FAO supply still rising in 2023, this is not yet evidence of a plateau in total meat eaten 12,4 .

11.2 Enough protein for adults, and for school-age children

Average protein intake is about 73 to 80 g per person per day: 72.8 g measured in 929 adults in Hanoi and Hung Yen (former Thai Binh) in 2022 13 , and about 80 g derived from the national survey's energy and protein shares 1 . The 2026 recommendation is about 0.93 g per kg of body weight, with a 50 g reference for labels, and it asks for "high-quality protein from diverse animal and plant sources" rather than a set animal share 14 . So for the average adult, protein is sufficient and meat is in excess of guidance.

Children's nutrition problems are real, but for school-age children they are not a protein gap (an earlier draft described "too little high-quality protein at very low cost in poor upland districts"). Stunting among under-fives fell from 29.3% (2010) to 19.6% (2020) and 18% (2023), and it is 32% among ethnic minority children 15,1,16 . Zinc deficiency affected 53.3% of children aged 6 to 59 months in 2020 3 . Stunting is set largely before age two, through complementary feeding and home diets, not school meals 17,18 , and UNICEF's 2027 to 2031 programme for Viet Nam accordingly puts "school food and complementary food standards" first 15 . What school plates carry:

  • Urban lunches. Published Hanoi primary-school lunches carry about 31.8 g of protein (21.2 to 38.6 g), against a 2026 recommendation of 32 to 49 g for the whole day at ages 6 to 11 19,20 .
  • Upland boarding schools. In 13 ethnic-minority boarding schools in five upland provinces that publish their menus (22 school-weeks, 353 meals, 2026), 240 of 242 lunches and dinners carried a meat, fish or egg dish and pork led 74% of them. The four kitchens that publish cost sheets bought 107 to 215 g of raw pork per pupil a day, including a lunch paid for under the border-commune decree (Decree 339/2025) 21,22,23 . Tofu appears beside or inside pork dishes; no textured soy or mock meat appears in any of the 353 meals 21,24 .
  • Weighed diets. Kitchen-weighed boarding diets at two schools in Yen Bai (now Lao Cai) in 2019 met protein and zinc needs (zinc at 131 to 157%) but supplied only 36.5% of calcium and 41 to 45% of vitamin A 25 . The thin meal is breakfast: 86% of boarding breakfasts carry little or no animal food 21,24 . Full data: upland_school_weeks.csv.

Two consequences follow for new protein. First, a plant dish that removes all the meat or fish from a lunch would need added zinc, because national school guidance doubles a child's zinc requirement (5.6 to 11.2 mg a day at age 6 to 7) when a diet has little animal protein 26 ; every one of the 124 upland lunches coded carried meat, fish or egg 21,22 . A blend keeps protein quality: a minced dish with 20 to 30% of its protein from textured soy scores a DIAAS (a protein-quality score) of about 97 or more on the older-child pattern (our calculation) 27,28 . Second, the stunting agenda sits before school age. There a plant product must register as a food for children under 36 months 29 , meet the stricter young-child protein-quality pattern 30 , and compete with milk, meat and fortified cereal blends, which is where the trial evidence sits 17,18,31 . School routes are assessed in Channels.

Overweight is rising at the same time: among 5 to 19 year olds it rose from 8.5% to 19.0% between 2010 and 2020 (26.8% in cities), and adult diabetes from 5.3% to 10.9% (2010 to 2022, modelled) 1,32 . Vietnam's protein-related problems are too much meat in cities and poor feeding before age two in upland and ethnic minority communities; neither is a gap that a cheap school protein dish would fill (our inference) . 18%

11.3 The price ladder a new protein must climb

We priced common proteins at Bach Hoa Xanh, WinMart and Co.op online on 24 September 2026 and converted them to VND per 100 g of protein with values from the Vietnamese Food Composition Table 33 (full inputs in demand_protein_prices.csv).

FoodVND per 100 g of proteinUSDSource
Dry soybeans14,5000.5634,33
Tofu, household average paid (VHLSS)19,6000.7512,33
Tofu, supermarket (composition-table protein)30,0001.1635,33
Hen eggs34,300 (40,000 at regular price)1.3236,33
Mung beans; peanuts36,900; 38,7001.42; 1.4937,38,33
Chicken thigh; chicken breast39,000; 44,8001.50; 1.7239,33
Pangasius fillet66,7002.5640,41
Lean pork70,9002.7342,33
Fresh UHT milk91,9003.5343,33
Beef130,000 to 143,0005.0 to 5.544,33
Shrimpabout 200,0007.740,33
Filled chay wrappers (audit median)369,00014.245
Imported plant-based analogues (audit)542,000 to 622,00021 to 2445

What 100 g of protein costs in Vietnam

Retail price, VND per 100 g of protein, September 2026; beef, shrimp and analogues are range midpoints

What 100 g of protein costs in VietnamLog-scale bars: soybeans and tofu deliver protein at 14,500 to 30,000 VND per 100 g, eggs and chicken at 34,300 to 44,800, lean pork at 70,900, beef about 137,000, shrimp about 201,000, filled chay wrappers 369,000 and imported analogues about 582,000.Plant stapleAnimal, massAnimal, premiumChay and analoguesEggs and chicken: the mass price to beat10,00020,00050,000100,000200,000500,0001,000,000VND per 100 g of protein (log scale)Eggs and chicken: the mass price to beat: VND 34,000 to 45,000 per 100 g of proteinEggs and chicken: the mass price to beatDry soybeansDry soybeans: VND 14,500 per 100 g of protein Group: plant staple14,500Tofu (household average paid)Tofu (household average paid): VND 19,600 per 100 g of protein Group: plant staple19,600Tofu (supermarket)Tofu (supermarket): VND 30,000 per 100 g of protein Group: plant staple30,000Hen eggsHen eggs: VND 34,300 per 100 g of protein Group: animal, mass34,300Mung beansMung beans: VND 36,900 per 100 g of protein Group: plant staple36,900Chicken thighChicken thigh: VND 39,000 per 100 g of protein Group: animal, mass39,000Chicken breastChicken breast: VND 44,800 per 100 g of protein Group: animal, mass44,800Pangasius filletPangasius fillet: VND 66,700 per 100 g of protein Group: animal, mass66,700Lean porkLean pork: VND 70,900 per 100 g of protein Group: animal, mass70,900, mainstream meat referenceFresh UHT milkFresh UHT milk: VND 91,900 per 100 g of protein Group: animal, mass91,900BeefBeef: VND 136,700 per 100 g of protein (range midpoint) Range: VND 130,000 to 143,000 Group: animal, premium136,700ShrimpShrimp: VND 201,300 per 100 g of protein (range midpoint) Range: VND 199,000 to 204,000 Group: animal, premium201,300Filled chay wrappers (auditmedian)Filled chay wrappers (audit median): VND 369,000 per 100 g of protein Group: chay and analogues369,000Imported plant-based analogues(audit)Imported plant-based analogues (audit): VND 582,000 per 100 g of protein (range midpoint) Range: VND 542,000 to 622,000 Group: chay and analogues582,000

Composition-table protein except the audit rows (label protein). Ranges: beef 130,000 to 143,000; shrimp 199,000 to 204,000; analogues 542,000 to 622,000.

Nguồn: 42,39,36,33,12,45

Xem số liệuẨn số liệu
What 100 g of protein costs in Vietnam
FoodGroupVND per 100 g of proteinRange (VND)
Dry soybeansplant staple14,500
Tofu (household average paid)plant staple19,600
Tofu (supermarket)plant staple30,000
Hen eggsanimal, mass34,300
Mung beansplant staple36,900
Chicken thighanimal, mass39,000
Chicken breastanimal, mass44,800
Pangasius filletanimal, mass66,700
Lean porkanimal, mass70,900
Fresh UHT milkanimal, mass91,900
Beefanimal, premium136,700130,000 to 143,000
Shrimpanimal, premium201,300199,000 to 204,000
Filled chay wrappers (audit median)chay and analogues369,000
Imported plant-based analogues (audit)chay and analogues582,000542,000 to 622,000

Three benchmarks follow :

  • The plant floor is tofu and dry legumes at about VND 15,000 to 40,000 per 100 g of protein.
  • The mass animal floor is eggs and chicken at VND 34,000 to 45,000. This is the price a mass-market protein food competes with. VND 34,000 to 45,000 per 100 g of protein
  • The mainstream meat reference is lean pork at about VND 71,000. Beef (about VND 130,000 to 143,000) and shrimp (about VND 200,000) are premium, and shrimp is the one mass protein where a seafood analogue has wide price headroom.

Imported analogues sit at 12 to 18 times the price of eggs and chicken breast per gram of protein, and 8 to 9 times lean pork 45,33 . The premiums that coincided with stalling demand in the United States and Europe were 35 to 100% per kilogram (Consumers; 46,47,48) . Vietnam's gap is an order of magnitude larger. 12 to 18 times

11.4 Where protein sits in the dish

Meat took 26.7% of household food spending in 2024 (VND 349,800 per person a month), fish 8.4%, eggs 1.3% and tofu 0.7%. Meals eaten away from home took 22.5% of food spending: 29.6% in cities and 16.1% in rural areas, with the highest spending in the South East 12 . Eating out has not recovered its 2018 peak share of 26.7% 12 .

We found no measured portion weights for the protein part of phở (rice noodle soup), bún (rice vermicelli dishes), cơm tấm (broken rice with grilled pork) or bánh mì (filled baguette), and log this as a high-priority open question R1. Open questions. What the evidence does show:

  • The carbohydrate bases carry little protein: flat rice noodles 3.2 g, rice vermicelli 1.7 g and bread 7.9 g per 100 g 33 . In noodle dishes the protein is almost all topping.
  • In noodle dishes the protein is sliced or minced meat, meatballs or fish cake on top; in rice meals it is a side dish such as braised pork or fish, egg or tofu in tomato sauce; in bánh mì it is a filling of pork roll (chả lụa), pâté, grilled meat or egg (our description, not measured) .
  • The traditional đồ chay (traditional vegetarian food) industry already makes analogues of exactly these components: vegetarian pork roll, meatballs, fish cake and beef slices 45 .

The formats that fit Vietnamese dishes are toppings, fillings, rolls, balls and mince, not whole-muscle steaks or burgers.

11.5 Price shocks and what people switch to

Pork prices swing hard; chicken prices barely move. After African swine fever reached Vietnam in 2019, the pig producer price rose 70% from 2019 to 2020 (VND 46,076 to 78,138 per kg) while the chicken price stayed flat 49 . USDA records pork consumption down 12.6% in 2019, chicken up 26.2% and chicken imports up 107% 50 . Home tofu use did not move (0.44 kg per person a month in 2018 and in 2020), while home egg and fish use rose 12 .

This is the clearest revealed evidence of cross-protein substitution in Vietnam, and it ran to other animal proteins. It has two uses for frontier actors. First, it warns that a pork shock does not by itself send buyers to plant protein. Second, it sizes the cost motive processed-meat makers already have, which is steady rather than a hedge. Soy extension saves money at every hog price since 2019: replacing 20% of the lean in chả lụa saves about VND 9,100 to 16,600 per kg at 2019 and 2020 prices, so a pork shock changes the size of the saving, not its sign, and 20% extension trims only about a sixth of a recipe's exposure to the shock (our calculation) 49,51 . The extender a new protein must beat is therefore hydrated soy, not pork (Frontier demand, Business buyers). COVID-19 in 2020 confounds the home-use figures, and we found no published cross-price elasticities for Vietnam that we could read.

11.6 Health and food safety as demand drivers

Food-safety worry is near universal. More than 90% of respondents in a pork study in two provinces worried about contaminated pork 52 , and pork shoppers in northern Vietnam feared chemical hazards more than microbes 53 . What people pay for safety is more modest than what they say. A hypothetical choice experiment in Hanoi and Hai Phong found premiums of 70% for pork from certified abattoirs and up to 102% for hormone- and drug-free pork 54 ; an auction with real money found 20% 52 . Plan on the lower figure.

Rising overweight and diabetes, and official messaging that Vietnamese are "cutting rice and eating more meat" 55 , give a health reason to eat less meat, and current guidance says so. The Ministry of Health's Ten tips to 2030 (Decision 3594/QĐ-BYT, November 2024) ask people to combine animal and plant foods, to eat fish, poultry, nuts, seeds and legumes daily and to eat red meat in moderation 56,57 . Its guidance under the new Law on Disease Prevention (Decision 1982/QĐ-BYT, 1 July 2026) tells adults to use diverse animal and plant protein, prioritising fish, lean meat, eggs, milk and legumes, and to limit processed foods 58,59 . Neither names an alternative or plant-based product; both name legumes. Plant-milk makers already use this health-policy hook in sponsored articles 60 . Revealed behaviour does not yet follow the guidance: home meat use rose in every income group from 2010 to 2024 12 . We found no nationally representative survey of why Vietnamese eat less meat, when they do.

11.7 Vietnam against its neighbours

Vietnam eats far more meat than its income predicts. At about USD 13,500 per person (PPP, 2023) its meat supply of 60.5 kg already exceeds Japan's long-run plateau of 45 to 50 kg and is more than twice Thailand's 24.5 kg, and it is close to China's at the same income in 2013 (59 kg) 4,5,61 .

The protein ladder: animal share of protein supply, 1961 to 2023

Per cent of protein supply from animal foods, Vietnam and neighbours (FAO food balance sheets)

The protein ladder: animal share of protein supply, 1961 to 2023Lines: Vietnam rises from about 20% of protein from animal foods in 1961 to 42% in 2023; Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Malaysia level off at 55 to 60%; Thailand stays near 40%.VietnamNeighbours55 to 60% band0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%Share of protein supply from animal foods (%)1961197019801990200020102023Where Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Malaysia level off: 55 to 60% of protein from animal foodsWhere Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Malaysia level off (55 to 60%)China: 8.2% (1961) to 41.1% (2023) 1961 8.2%, 1970 11.1%, 1980 12.9%, 1990 20.4%, 2000 32.5%, 2005 36.0%, 2010 39.5%, 2013 39.9%, 2015 39.5%, 2018 39.0%, 2020 38.6%, 2023 41.1%Korea: 10.2% (1961) to 57.2% (2023) 1961 10.2%, 1970 10.9%, 1980 21.4%, 1990 32.4%, 2000 41.4%, 2005 44.0%, 2010 48.3%, 2013 49.2%, 2015 54.7%, 2018 56.3%, 2020 56.7%, 2023 57.2%Japan: 33.1% (1961) to 55.2% (2013) 1961 33.1%, 1970 44.2%, 1980 52.5%, 1990 57.0%, 2000 57.5%, 2005 56.4%, 2010 55.6%, 2013 55.2%Taiwan: 25.8% (1961) to 57.4% (2023) 1961 25.8%, 1970 30.5%, 1980 38.5%, 1990 46.5%, 2000 47.9%, 2005 47.6%, 2010 53.0%, 2013 52.8%, 2015 54.7%, 2018 54.2%, 2020 58.5%, 2023 57.4%Thailand: 27.0% (1961) to 39.6% (2023) 1961 27.0%, 1970 32.9%, 1980 30.9%, 1990 38.6%, 2000 39.6%, 2005 39.6%, 2010 39.8%, 2013 42.4%, 2015 40.8%, 2018 42.2%, 2020 40.5%, 2023 39.6%Malaysia: 29.7% (1961) to 58.6% (2023) 1961 29.7%, 1970 32.7%, 1980 44.0%, 1990 54.8%, 2000 55.6%, 2005 53.8%, 2010 56.7%, 2013 58.5%, 2015 60.7%, 2018 59.1%, 2020 58.0%, 2023 58.6%Philippines: 37.0% (1961) to 36.9% (2023) 1961 37.0%, 1970 44.6%, 1980 38.0%, 1990 39.1%, 2000 41.1%, 2005 40.5%, 2010 43.5%, 2013 41.4%, 2015 41.9%, 2018 41.6%, 2020 37.9%, 2023 36.9%Indonesia: 14.4% (1961) to 38.5% (2023) 1961 14.4%, 1970 14.8%, 1980 16.4%, 1990 19.5%, 2000 23.2%, 2005 25.4%, 2010 24.6%, 2013 27.1%, 2015 27.4%, 2018 31.4%, 2020 35.5%, 2023 38.5%Vietnam, 1961: 19.6% of protein from animal foodsVietnam, 1970: 18.1% of protein from animal foodsVietnam, 1980: 15.4% of protein from animal foodsVietnam, 1990: 21.1% of protein from animal foodsVietnam, 2000: 28.0% of protein from animal foodsVietnam, 2005: 33.8% of protein from animal foodsVietnam, 2010: 38.3% of protein from animal foodsVietnam, 2013: 38.1% of protein from animal foodsVietnam, 2015: 37.1% of protein from animal foodsVietnam, 2018: 37.9% of protein from animal foodsVietnam, 2020: 39.3% of protein from animal foodsVietnam, 2023: 42.3% of protein from animal foods19.6% in 1961Vietnam 42.3%ChinaKoreaTaiwanThailandMalaysiaPhilippinesIndonesiaJapan

FAO historic series to 2013 and new series from 2010; uneven year spacing.

Nguồn: 4,5

Xem số liệuẨn số liệu
The protein ladder: animal share of protein supply, 1961 to 2023
YearVietnam (%)China (%)Korea (%)Japan (%)Taiwan (%)Thailand (%)Malaysia (%)Philippines (%)Indonesia (%)
19.68.210.233.125.827.029.737.014.4
18.111.110.944.230.532.932.744.614.8
15.412.921.452.538.530.944.038.016.4
21.120.432.457.046.538.654.839.119.5
28.032.541.457.547.939.655.641.123.2
33.836.044.056.447.639.653.840.525.4
38.339.548.355.653.039.856.743.524.6
38.139.949.255.252.842.458.541.427.1
37.139.554.754.740.860.741.927.4
37.939.056.354.242.259.141.631.4
39.338.656.758.540.558.037.935.5
42.341.157.257.439.658.636.938.5

Three readings follow :

  1. No single income level marks a meat plateau. Plateaus run from about 25 kg (Thailand) to about 80 kg (Taiwan) and are set by food culture and fish supply more than by income. No neighbour has shown a sustained fall in meat per person as income grew.
  2. The animal share of protein levels off at 55 to 60% in Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Malaysia. At 42%, Vietnam has room to rise; Thailand shows that a fish-rich diet can hold near 40%.
  3. The demand that novel protein could take a share of is growing in tonnes. Each 1% of meat protein is about 9,200 t of protein a year on 2023 supply data, worth roughly VND 3,600 to 6,500 billion (USD 140 to 250 million) at today's chicken-to-pork prices per gram of protein (our calculation; supply overstates intake) 4 .

11.8 What this means for the frontier

  • Price. Mass-market protein foods compete with eggs and chicken at VND 34,000 to 45,000 per 100 g of protein; a meat analogue in mainstream retail must aim at lean pork (about VND 71,000) or below. Above beef it is a premium or novelty item. A mass product priced above pork is not supported by any revealed evidence we found.
  • Protein. Do not sell "more protein" to adults. Do sell meat-like protein density inside meat-replacing formats: 12 to 20 g per 100 g, against 19 g for lean pork and a 4.7 g median for today's chay foods (Alt protein today). At 10 g per 100 g a food qualifies for a "high protein" claim (Consumers).
  • Format. Build for the dish: toppings, fillings, rolls, balls and mince for home cooking and street food.
  • Growth. Poultry, not pork, carries most projected meat growth to 2035; poultry-style formats deserve as much attention as pork analogues. Urban growth is in eating out, which points to foodservice and B2B routes (Channels).
  • Nutrition. Do not pitch a new protein as the answer to child undernutrition. For school-age children, including upland boarders, published menus and weighed diets show protein and zinc met at lunch and dinner; the documented shortfalls are breakfast, calcium and vitamin A. A plant dish that removes all the meat needs added zinc and little sodium; a blend in minced dishes needs nothing extra. Stunting is set before age two, where a plant product must meet the young-child protein-quality pattern, register as a food for children under 36 months and beat fortified cereal and milk products .

For each reader.

  • Startups: set price targets per 100 g of protein against eggs, chicken and lean pork, and design formats for named dishes.
  • Investors: demand is growing in tonnes, but the money is in low-price everyday protein; models that need consumer premiums above about 20% are not supported by revealed evidence.
  • Manufacturers: a pork extender saves money at every pork price; as a hedge it removes only about a sixth of a recipe's exposure to a pork shock, so value it on the saving and test a new extender against your own soy recipe.
  • Research bodies: measure protein per serving in common dishes and publish a current food composition table that includes dishes and chay foods; measure phytate, zinc and DIAAS (on both the young-child and older-child patterns) of tofu, textured soy and blended minced dishes, and add textured soy to the composition table that school menu software uses.
  • Policy makers: the 2026 recommendations, the Ten tips and Decision 1982 already favour diverse protein including legumes, and school guidance (Decision 3958/QĐ-BYT) sets no animal share, although the menu software still prints an animal-protein standard of at least 48% (Channels). State zinc and iron per lunch by absorption band and sodium per lunch in the menu software, and note that mandatory fortification (Decree 09/2016) reaches no soy product 26,62 .
  • International organisations: separate the urban "too much meat" problem from child undernutrition, and within child undernutrition separate school-age children (plates already carry protein and zinc; breakfast, calcium and vitamin A are the gaps) from children under two (complementary-food standards, where plant products face the young-child protein-quality pattern, registration and trial evidence favouring milk or fortified blends). India's feeding schemes are being urged to add plant and fermented proteins on cost and protein-quality grounds 63 ; Vietnam's school plates point to micronutrients instead. A fortified plant item for boarding-school breakfasts or charity-funded lunches is a research option to test on calcium and vitamin A as well as zinc, not a product brief.

Related: D1. Diet and prices, Chay baseline, Channels, Demand sizing.

Nguồn được trích dẫn trong trang

Toàn bộ nguồn (Phụ lục T)

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  16. DIE-03 VietnamNet. Meat consumption in VN is almost double the recommended amount. 2021-04-04
  17. NQR-28 Krebs NF et al.. Randomized controlled trial of meat compared with multimicronutrient-fortified cereal in infants and toddlers with high stunting rates in diverse settings. 2012-10-01
  18. NQR-29 Tang M, Sheng X, Krebs NF, Hambidge KM. Meat as Complementary Food for Older Breastfed Infants and Toddlers: A Randomized, Controlled Trial in Rural China. 2014-12-01
  19. PMR-26 Nguyen Trai Primary School, Hanoi; Ngoi Sao Xanh food company (Bac Ha group). Thông tin dinh dưỡng của thực đơn. 2026-03 to 2026-05
  20. NQR-01 National Institute of Nutrition. Tra cứu nhu cầu dinh dưỡng. 2026 (age groups updated 22 to 23 Mar 2026)
  21. UPL-01 Muong Nhe PTDTBT lower secondary school (Dien Bien). Thực đơn ăn bán trú tuần 3 tháng 9/2026. 2026-09-18
  22. UPL-04 Muong Nhe PTDTBT lower secondary school (Dien Bien). Công khai thực đơn ăn trưa theo Nghị định 339/2025 tháng 9 năm 2026. 2026-09-18
  23. UPL-09 Leng Su Sin PTDTBT lower secondary school (Sin Thau, Dien Bien). Thực đơn tuần 26. 2026-03-02
  24. UPL-17 Na Hy ethnic boarding upper secondary school (Dien Bien). Công khai thực đơn tháng 9 (từ tuần 02) năm học 2026-2027. 2026-09-13
  25. UPL-18 Tạp chí Y học Việt Nam. Khẩu phần ăn của học sinh dân tộc thiểu số tại hai trường PTDTNT THCS tỉnh Yên Bái. 2021-07
  26. APR-04 Ministry of Health; signed by Vice Minister Nguyen Thi Lien Huong. Quyết định 3958/QĐ-BYT: Hướng dẫn dinh dưỡng đối với bữa ăn học đường. 2025-12-25
  27. NQR-05 van den Berg LA, Mes JJ, Mensink M (first three authors as listed by Scite). Protein quality of soy and the effect of processing: A quantitative review. 2022-09-27
  28. NQR-07 Fanelli NS, Martins JCFR, Stein HH. Pork cuts, hams, and sausages have digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS) close to or over 100. 2024-08-29
  29. NQR-04 Government of Viet Nam. Nghị định 15/2018/NĐ-CP hướng dẫn Luật an toàn thực phẩm. 2018-02-02
  30. NQR-31 Manary M, Wegner D, Maleta K. Protein quality malnutrition. 2024
  31. NQR-30 Skau JKH et al.. Effects of animal source food and micronutrient fortification in complementary food products on body composition, iron status, and linear growth: a randomized trial in Cambodia. 2015-04-01
  32. DIE-28 WHO. Global Health Observatory data. 2026
  33. DIE-12 National Institute of Nutrition. Bang thanh phan thuc pham Viet Nam (Vietnamese Food Composition Table). 2007
  34. DIE-22 Saigon Co.op (Co.op Online). Dau nanh 500g. 2026-09-24
  35. DIE-23 WinMart. Dau phu tuoi Lang Mo hop 400g. 2026-09-24
  36. COST-41 Eggs category. Bach Hoa Xanh (online)
  37. DIE-20 Saigon Co.op (Co.op Online). Dau xanh khong vo 500g. 2026-09-24
  38. DIE-21 Saigon Co.op (Co.op Online). Dau phong 500g. 2026-09-24
  39. COST-40 Chicken category. Bach Hoa Xanh (online)
  40. DIE-15 Bach Hoa Xanh. Ca, tom, muc, ech. 2026-09-24
  41. DIE-13 Guimaraes C.F.M. et al.. The chemical quality of frozen Vietnamese Pangasius hypophthalmus fillets. 2015-10-26
  42. COST-39 Pork category. Bach Hoa Xanh (online)
  43. DIE-18 Bach Hoa Xanh. Sua tuoi. 2026-09-24
  44. DIE-16 Bach Hoa Xanh. Thit bo. 2026-09-24
  45. FORM-01 AltProtein Vietnam. AltProtein Vietnam retail field audit, Nha Trang 6 Sep 2026 and Ho Chi Minh City 16 and 20 Sep 2026, 186 SKUs, 11 stores. 6 to 20 Sep 2026
  46. GLB-03 Good Food Institute; NielsenIQ. Plant-based meat in U.S. retail: Pricing and promotion insights and recommendations. 2024-11
  47. GLB-09 GFI Europe (data: Circana, NIQ Homescan). Germany plant-based food retail market insights: 2022 to 2024. 2025-06
  48. GLB-10 GFI Europe (data: Circana). The Netherlands plant-based food retail market insights: 2022 to 2024. 2025-06
  49. DIE-25 FAO. FAOSTAT Producer Prices. 2026
  50. DIE-10 USDA FAS. PSD Online livestock and poultry. 2026-04-09
  51. HXE-01 Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (VNU-HCM). Identifying the drivers of liking for texture attributes of Vietnamese sausage. 2021-05-10
  52. DIE-30 Ngo H.H.T. et al.. Impact of perception and assessment of consumers on willingness to pay for upgraded fresh pork. 2023
  53. DIE-31 Le T.T.-H. et al.. Food safety knowledge, needed and trusted information of pork consumers in different retail types in Northern Vietnam. 2022
  54. DIE-29 Vuong H. et al.. Vietnamese consumers' willingness to pay for improved food safety for vegetables and pork. 2024
  55. DIE-38 National Institute of Nutrition. Nguoi Viet 'bo com, an nhieu thit' tu day minh vao mat can doi dinh duong. 2025-11-21
  56. APR-17 Ministry of Health; National Institute of Nutrition. Mười lời khuyên dinh dưỡng hợp lý đến năm 2030. 2024-11-29
  57. APR-18 Southeast Asia Public Health Nutrition Network (co-author from NIN Vietnam). Food-based dietary guidelines in Southeast Asian countries: A comparison and update. 2026
  58. APR-16 Ministry of Health. Quyết định 1982/QĐ-BYT: Hướng dẫn chuyên môn các biện pháp thực hiện dinh dưỡng trong phòng bệnh. 2026-07-01
  59. APR-15 National Assembly of Viet Nam. Luật Phòng bệnh số 114/2025/QH15. 2025-12-10
  60. APR-43 Thanh Nien (sponsored content). Trước thềm luật phòng bệnh 2026: Dinh dưỡng thực vật góp phần sống khỏe chủ động. 2026-06-20
  61. DIE-09 World Bank. GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2021 international $). 2026-07-13
  62. NQR-02 Government of Viet Nam. Nghị định 09/2016/NĐ-CP quy định về tăng cường vi chất dinh dưỡng vào thực phẩm. 2016-01-28
  63. AFN-14 vegconomist. Malnutrition Data Frames India Roundtable on Building Alt-Protein Into State Feeding Schemes. 2026-08-03